Uncertainty was evaluated in four chemical mechanisms pertaining to O3 concentrations predicted over Japan by the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) to investigate factors contributing to ...model overestimation of O3 concentration. The model setting and meteorological and emissions input data were obtained from a Japanese model inter-comparison project, Japan's Study for Reference Air Quality Modeling (J-STREAM). The compared gas-phase chemical mechanisms included the Carbon Bond Mechanism (CB05TUCL), Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism (RACM2), and two mechanisms developed by the State Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC), namely SAPRC07TC and SAPRC99. The O3 concentrations produced by CB05TUCL were low compared to those from SAPRC07TC. The RACM2 concentrations were similar to those from SAPRC07TC over inland Japan and lower over the sea. The concentrations from SAPRC99 were higher than those from SAPRC07TC in urban areas and lower in other areas. At most of the monitoring sites in Japan, the modeled O3 concentrations were higher than those from observations. Module overestimation can be ranked in the order of SAPRC99 > SAPRC07TC > RACM2 > CB05TUCL for urban sites and SAPRC07TC > SAPRC99 > RACM2 > CB05TUCL for rural sites. The concentration differences between the chemical mechanisms were within 10 ppb, whereas those between the observed and simulated O3 concentrations reached 40 ppb. Differences in O3 concentrations between the chemical mechanisms accounted for only a part of the model overestimation, while the rest remained unexplained. To investigate factors influencing the differences in O3 concentration between the chemical mechanisms, domain- and 10-vertical-layer-average hourly integrated process rates (IPRs) and integrated reaction rates (IRRs) were calculated using process analysis in CMAQ. The O3 chemical IPRs from SAPRC07TC were higher than those from CB05TUCL and RACM2. The SAPRC99 IPRs were higher than those from SAPRC07TC in urban areas and lower in other areas. The IRR differences in the chemical mechanisms showed that IRRs for the O3 and NO reactions were responsible for the differences in the O3 chemical IPR. The coefficients of determination between the O3 chemical process IPR and IRR differences in the chemical mechanisms were highest for the HO2-NO reaction in CB05TUCL and SAPRC99 and the RO2-NO reaction in RACM2. Differences in reaction rate constants and lumped volatile organic compounds may have caused some of the differences in O3 production between the chemical mechanisms.
•O3 concentrations from different chemical mechanisms were within 10 ppb.•Of the mechanisms, CB05 O3 concentrations were lowest and closest to observations.•Whole-model O3 overestimation was not explained by differences in the mechanisms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This work provides a conceptual introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis in psychological research. We discuss the concepts of direct effect, indirect effect, total ...effect, conditional effect, conditional direct effect, conditional indirect effect, and the index of moderated mediation index, while providing our perspective on certain analysis and interpretation confusions that sometimes arise in practice in this journal and elsewhere, such as reliance on the causal steps approach and the Sobel test in mediation analysis, misinterpreting the regression coefficients in a model that includes a product of variables, and subgroups mediation analysis rather than conditional process analysis when exploring whether an indirect effect depends on a moderator. We also illustrate how to conduct various analyses that are the focus of this paper with the freely-available PROCESS procedure available for SPSS, SAS, and R, using data from an experimental investigation on the effectiveness of personal or testimonial narrative messages in improving intergroup attitudes.
Mediation of X's effect on Y through a mediator M is moderated if the indirect effect of X depends on a fourth variable. Hayes (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate ...Behavioral Research, 50, 1-22. doi:
10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
introduced an approach to testing a moderated mediation hypothesis based on an index of moderated mediation. Here, I extend this approach to models with more than one moderator. I describe how to test if X's indirect effect on Y is moderated by one variable when a second moderator is held constant (partial moderated mediation), conditioned on (conditional moderated mediation), or dependent on a second moderator (moderated moderated mediation). Examples are provided, as is a discussion of the visualization of indirect effects and an illustration of implementation in the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In thermal energy utilization scenarios, absorption systems have been widely and effectively utilized as heat exchange devices. However, existing thermal research methods on absorption systems for ...these scenarios have limitations. Therefore, the entransy parameter, which is applicable for analyzing the heat exchange process is chosen to study. The entransy balance relationship of the absorption system is theoretically analyzed, and the entransy analysis method is further perfected to break through the limitations. First, the entransy imbalance of the reversible absorption cycle is proved, and the reason for this imbalance is clarified that two heat-work conversion processes at different temperatures occur inside the cycle. Then, the working fluid's entransy change during the conversion process is theoretically derived and defined, and a new parameter: conversion entransy is defined based on it. Moreover, the comprehensive entransy balance equation and comprehensive entransy analysis method of absorption systems are further proposed. Finally, a specific case study is carried out, and this method is compared with the existing exergy analysis method and entransy analysis method without considering the conversion entransy respectively. By using this method, the optimal process form of the absorption heat exchanger can be directly obtained without numerical simulation calculations, demonstrating significant advantages.
•It is theoretically proved that the entransy of the reversible absorption cycle is still unbalanced.•A new parameter: Conversion entransy is first proposed in this paper.•The comprehensive entransy balance equation of absorption systems is proposed.•The comprehensive entransy analysis method on absorption systems is proposed.•This method can directly obtain the optimal process form of absorption systems without simulation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Although remote working can involve positive outcomes both for employees and organizations, in the case of the sudden and forced remote working situation that came into place during the COVID-19 ...crisis there have also been reports of negative aspects, one of which is technostress. In this context of crisis, leadership is crucial in sustainably managing and supporting employees, especially employees with workaholic tendencies who are more prone to developing negative work and health outcomes. However, while research on the role of the positive aspects of leadership during crises does exist, the negative aspects of leadership during the COVID-19 crisis have not yet been studied. The present study aimed to explore the role of authoritarian leadership in a sample of 339 administrative university employees who worked either completely from home or from home and the workplace. The study examined the moderating effect of a manager on this relationship and the connections between workaholism and technostress through conditional process analysis. Results pointed out that high authoritarian leadership had an enhancing effect, whereas low authoritarian leadership had a protective effect on the relationship between workaholism and technostress, only in the group of complete remote workers. Thus, authoritarian leadership should be avoided and training leaders to be aware of its effect appears to be essential. Limitations, future directions for the study, and practical implications are also discussed.
Mediation and conditional process analyses have become popular approaches for examining the mechanisms by which effects operate and the factors that influence them. To estimate mediation models, ...researchers often augment their structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses with additional regression analyses using the PROCESS macro. This duality is surprising considering that research has long acknowledged the limitations of regression analyses when estimating models with latent variables. In this article, we argue that much of the confusion regarding SEM’s efficacy for mediation analyses results from a singular focus on factor-based methods, and there is no need for a tandem use of SEM and PROCESS. Specifically, we highlight that composite-based SEM methods overcome the limitations of both regression and factor-based SEM analyses when estimating even highly complex mediation models. We further conclude that composite-based SEM methods such as partial least squares (PLS-SEM) are the preferred and superior approach when estimating mediation and conditional process models, and that the PROCESS approach is not needed when mediation is examined with PLS-SEM.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
There have been numerous treatments in the clinical research literature about various design, analysis, and interpretation considerations when testing hypotheses about mechanisms and contingencies of ...effects, popularly known as mediation and moderation analysis. In this paper we address the practice of mediation and moderation analysis using linear regression in the pages of Behaviour Research and Therapy and offer some observations and recommendations, debunk some popular myths, describe some new advances, and provide an example of mediation, moderation, and their integration as conditional process analysis using the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS. Our goal is to nudge clinical researchers away from historically significant but increasingly old school approaches toward modifications, revisions, and extensions that characterize more modern thinking about the analysis of the mechanisms and contingencies of effects.
•Addresses the practice of mediation and moderation analysis using linear regression in the pages of Behaviour Research and Therapy.•Offer some observations and recommendations, debunks some popular myths, and describes some new advances.•Provides an example set of analyses using the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS.•Nudges clinical researchers away from historically significant but increasingly old school approaches toward modifications, revisions, and extensions that characterize more modern thinking about the analysis of the mechanisms and contingencies of effects.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Systems‐theoretic process analysis (STPA) is a prospective safety assessment tool increasingly applied in healthcare. A problem hampering STPA proliferation is the difficulty of modeling systems for ...analysis by creating control structures. In this work, a method is proposed to use existing process maps—commonly available in healthcare—when creating a control structure. The proposed method entails (1) extract information from the process map, (2) determine the modeling boundary of the control structure, (3) transfer the extracted information to the control structure, (4) add additional information to complete the control structure. Two case studies were conducted: (1) ambulance patient offloading in the emergency department and (2) ischemic stroke care with intravenous thrombolysis. The amount of process map‐derived information in the control structures was quantified. On average, 68% of the information in the final control structures was derived from the process map. Additional control actions and feedback were added from nonprocess map sources for management and frontline controllers. Despite the differences between process maps and control structures, much of the information in a process map can be used when creating a control structure. The method enables the creation of a control structure from a process map to be done in a structured fashion.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ air quality modeling system was used to investigate the impact of horizontal spatial resolution on simulated nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) in the Greater Houston area (a ...non-attainment area for O3). We employed an approach recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to allocate county-based emissions to model grid cells in 1 km and 4 km horizontal grid resolutions. The CMAQ Integrated Process Rate analyses showed a substantial difference in emissions contributions between 1 and 4 km grids but similar NOx and O3 concentrations over urban and industrial locations. For example, the peak NOx emissions at an industrial and urban site differed by a factor of 20 for the 1 km and 8 for the 4 km grid, but simulated NOx concentrations changed only by a factor of 1.2 in both cases. Hence, due to the interplay of the atmospheric processes, we cannot expect a similar level of reduction of the gas-phase air pollutants as the reduction of emissions. Both simulations reproduced the variability of NASA P-3B aircraft measurements of NOy and O3 in the lower atmosphere (from 90 m to 4.5 km). Both simulations provided similar reasonable predictions at surface, while 1 km case depicted more detailed features of emissions and concentrations in heavily polluted areas, such as highways, airports, and industrial regions, which are useful in understanding the major causes of O3 pollution in such regions, and to quantify transport of O3 to populated communities in urban areas. The Integrated Reaction Rate analyses indicated a distinctive difference of chemistry processes between the model surface layer and upper layers, implying that correcting the meteorological conditions at the surface may not help to enhance the O3 predictions. The model-observation O3 bias in our studies (e.g., large over-prediction during the nighttime or along Gulf of Mexico coastline), were due to uncertainties in meteorology, chemistry or other processes. Horizontal grid resolution is unlikely the major contributor to these biases.
•Compared emissions in two grid resolutions (4 km and 1 km) from various sources.•Steeper gradients of NOx and ozone are predicted in 1 km resolution.•Dominant atmospheric processes vary in urban and industrial regions.•Larger variability of chemistry-induced net O3 change is shown at 1 km resolution.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Industrial convergence is a key means to transform the economic mode. Taking the convergence of manufacturing and producer services in China as the research object, this study explored how industrial ...convergence affects regional green development efficiency (GDE). First, a coupling evaluation system was established to measure industrial convergence degree, and the directional distance function-based slacks-based measure was combined with the global Malmquist-Luenberger index to measure GDE. Second, we employed spatial econometric models to analyze the relationship between industrial convergence and GDE. Then, using the spatial conditional process analysis, a unified framework of green innovation, investment structure, and energy intensity was constructed to investigate the transmission mechanism involved. The results showed that: (1) Regional GDE and green innovation had a spatial dependence. (2) Considering the spatial correlation, industrial convergence is conductive to regional GDE. (3) Green innovation is an effective path by which industrial convergence improves regional GDE. (4) In this mediating process, the investment structure and energy intensity play a moderating role. The investment bias in high-tech industries increases the role of industrial convergence in promoting regional GDE and green innovation, while the moderating direction of energy intensity is opposite. In addition, there is a crowding-out effect in energy dependence, which hinders the effectiveness of green innovation.
•Regional GDE and industrial convergence degree in China were estimated.•We explored the impact of industrial convergence on GDE by spatial models.•An SCPA model was used to investigate the transmission mechanism framework.•Green innovation played a mediating role between industrial convergence and GDE.•In mediating process, investment structure and energy intensity had a moderating effect.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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