Con la inflación en auge en los últimos anos, se ha generado un importante debate sobre el aumento de precios y su impacto en los distintos ámbitos de la economía, la política y la sociedad. Este ...artículo hace un análisis sobre distintos métodos de medición estadística del ascenso de los precios en las diferentes etapas de producción y consumo, y la inflación. Ejemplifica, en particular, con casos de los Estados Unidos y los Países Bajos. También señala algunas deficiencias en los métodos aplicados, sobre todo, en los modelos macroeconómicos neoclásicos.
Rare diseases (RD) pose serious challenges in terms of both diagnosis and treatment. Legislation was passed in the US (1983) and in EU (2000) aimed to reverse the previous neglect of RD, by providing ...incentives for development of "orphan drugs" (OD) for their management. Here we analyse the current situation in Africa with respect to (1) sickle cell disease (SCD), that qualifies as rare in the US and in EU, but is not at all rare in African countries (frequencies up to 1-2%); (2) paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), that is ultra-rare in Africa as everywhere else (estimated <10 per million). SCD can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and recently by gene therapy, but very few African patients have access to these expensive procedures; on the other hand, the disease-ameliorating agent hydroxyurea is not expensive, but still the majority of patients in Africa are not receiving it. For PNH, currently most patients In high income countries are treated with a highly effective OD that costs about $400,000 per year per patient: this is not available in Africa. Thus, the impact of OD legislation has been practically nil in this continent. As members of the medical profession and of the human family, we must aim to remove barriers that are essentially financial: especially since countries with rich economies share a history of having exploited African countries. We call on the Global Fund to supply hydroxyurea for all SCD patients; and we call on companies who produce ODs to donate, for every patient who receives an expensive OD in a high income country, enough of the same drug, at a symbolic price, to treat one patient in Africa.
•Competition for land between conventional and energy crops affects biomass price.•High profitability of conventional crops reduces the competitiveness of biomethane.•Modelling in GIS allows to ...reflect ecological and agrotechnological limitations.•The biomass production price ranges from 25 to 43 EUR/tFMBiomethane production price using maize biomass ranges from 0.85 to 1.1 EUR/m3.
Intentionally planted biomass is one of the important possible sources for biomethane production. The production cost of biomass plays a key role in both a farmer's decision to grow it and the efficiency of biomethane production. Unlike conventional agricultural crops, biomass grown for biogas or biomethane plants does not have a direct market price. The paper presents a methodology for determining the limit of biomass production price based on modelling lost revenue from planting conventional crops over the lifetime of the biogas or biomethane plant, considering local agrotechnical practices and soil and climatic conditions. The application of the methodology is demonstrated by providing maize biomass for a reference biogas plant and conditions of the Czech Republic. The production price of maize silage is in the range of 25.6–29.4 EUR/tFM for base line scenario of conventional crop prices. The increase in commodity prices in 2021 and 2022 leads to an increase in the biomass production price up to 34–43 EUR/tFM. The paper also discusses the influence of the biomass input price on the cost of biomethane production.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
The salt issue seems inexhaustible in a public discussion on the national and local scale. Issues and problems with the salt trade system in Indonesia, which have not been well managed until now, ...seem to be protracted. The problem of the salt trade system has occurred during the last decade, coloring various national and regional reports.The purpose of this research is to find empirical evidence (1) determining the cost of production, (2) selling price, (3) the level of profit (profit), and (4) analysis of the fairness of salt import policies in the perspective of the Political Economy of Accounting (PEA).The results showed that (1) the cost of production of salt farmers ranged from Rp. 821 to Rp. 1,028 per kilogram (2) Farmers do not have the power to determine the price. Because it turns out that it is the middlemen and wholesalers who can determine, which is Rp. 400 - Rp. 500 per kilo gram (3) the government's price fixing has never been carried out and has been defeated by pressure from middlemen and traders (4) farmers have never enjoyed profits. While the only ones who benefit are middlemen and wholesalers (5) PT Garam can still make profits (profits) even though farmers continue to lose (6) The salt import policy by the government has never been in favor of farmers' interests (7) many facts reveal that salt imports are forced and never coordinated with other ministries and local governments.
Corruption and inflation are two economic problems with serious social consequences. This paper analyzes the link between these two problems, focusing on the case of 19 prices observed for ...agricultural products in 90 countries since 2000. Using ‘panel data cointegration’ techniques, we conclude that, in most cases, there is a long-term relationship between inflation and corruption. The direction of causality favors the hypothesis that the inflation of agricultural products promotes incentives that lead to an increase in corruption levels. These results have important implications in terms of fighting corruption, giving special attention to controlling inefficiencies in agricultural markets that lead to higher prices that are then tapped into corruption mechanisms.
The rubber industry in Sri Lanka is of much economic importance. The current world consumption of rubber, totalling around 18 million tonnes per year, consists of 48% natural rubber (NR). Thus, in ...terms of quantity by type, NR is still the largest. Price returns on rubber have effect on both its production and replanting and also the GDP of the Sri Lankan economy in the long run and the world economy. Therefore, accurate analysis and prediction of the price returns on the asset become very important since the supply of agricultural products in the future is affected by continuous future price uncertainties or volatility. Quantile regression was used for the estimation, prediction and analysis of the effects of price returns on rubber production and GDP of Sri Lanka. There were high changes at the percentile 75%, 90%, and the 95% which shows that the rate of change of price decreased drastically with a unit increase in production. At the 50% percentile, the values coincide with that of the conditional mean value with all other quantile having varying rate of change of price with respect to a unit change in production. For each quantile, a regression model was fitted. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 26 (4): 693 – 699 (2015)
The accuracy of the production cost report is the basis of the control and decision making. Production cost affects the selling price of a product. The purpose of the study is to examine the ...procedures, forms, and reports relating to accounting information system production cost calculation in SMEs, analyze and design information systems that can support the planning and control of production information system ranging from production planning to report the cost of production by using The weighted average method. The methodologyused is the method of data collection, information and interviews. The method of designing the production cost is Object Oriented and Design. Program language used is Visual Basic. Implementation of the production cost applications in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is to make application of MO estimation recording process and MO rate, cost card standard recording, WIP process recording, the quotation letter of raw materials, receipt of goods recording, the working hours card recording, cash expenditures recording, WIP transfer unit recording (work in process), the process of the final WIP units recording.
The abalone aquaculture has been very rapidly developed in Korea. Annual production quantity was less 200 tons before 2000th, it have been increased to over 9,000 tons in 2014. Also Abalone export ...amounts have been over 20 million dollars. The reason of rapid growth of Abalone aquaculture in Korea is due to high level profit ratio. Then now many fishing officers and other aquaculture fishers want to participate with abalone aquaculture newly. However Recent Abalone aquaculture in Korea is faced some problems. Aspects of production environmental status of fishing grounds are more aggravate, and then abalone aquaculture is exposed to various disease, and death rate of young abalone is higher. And aspect of management, the aquaculture cost is more increase. The demand of abalone also is depressing recently, this cause to come down the production price. In this viewpoint, Management analysis of abalone aquaculture in Korea is helpful for decision making of general aquaculture fisher want to participate newly. The analysis is practiced two aspects. One is index analysis, and the other is Break-even-point(BEP) analysis. The result of index analysis, average net profit rate has shown 28.0%, however the Regional difference has excessive. That is, Wando(major) has shown 39.4%, and Haenam province has shown 14.2%. On the other hand, the more scale has shown higher profit rate by aquaculture scale. And the result of BEP analysis, average has shown 93 cage number per abalone aquaculture household, and Wando(major) has shown 56 cage number, Haenam province has shown 131 cage number. The lower production abalone price of recent means higher BEP level.
Indonesia signifies as the biggest agarwood producer country in the world. Its demand and price tend to increase and have brought about over exploitation of agarwood. Consequently, its population in ...nature has decreased significantly. To overcome the situation, since 1995, agarwood has been included in the CITES Appendix II. However, illegal exploitation remains persistent and reaches an excessive level. In order to deal with it, agarwood cultivation and its artificial production have been undertaken at several provinces in Indonesia. Some supporting factors for agarwood cultivation and artificial production are the availability of potential land for extensive cultivation, appropriate agro climate condition, simple cultivation technique and already being well adopted by farmers, the availability of necessary pathogen for agarwood inoculation, and the increasing demand with relatively high price. The research aims to analyze the feasibility study of agarwood inoculation business at several stem diameters (15 - 25 cm; 26 -35 cm and 36 - 40 cm) and periods of inoculation (1 - 5 years). Data were collected through field observation and literature study. The results showed that inoculation on agarwood producer tree stands at 12.5% interest rate afforded positive net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) is much higher than market interest and benefit cost (B/C) ratio >2 for those three diameter classes. Furthermore, if agarwood harvesting is delayed until five years after inoculation, NPV, IRR and B/C ratio would be much higher. It can be concluded that inoculation on agarwood producer tree stands (at appropriate age for inoculation) is feasible to be developed.
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