Abstract Traditional EPI vaccines are considered to be among the most efficient uses of scarce health care resources. Today, there are many under-used and new vaccines available. In the short- to ...medium-term, these vaccines will not cost the few cents per dose the traditional vaccines do, but will be ‘multi-dollar’ vaccines. Decision-makers will need information, among other things, on their relative cost-effectiveness. A number of reviews have indicated that there is scope for improving the transparency, completeness and comparability of economic evaluations of vaccination programmes. Thus, there is a need to improve the quality of economic evaluations of vaccination programmes. Adherence to general guidelines would increase the quality, interpretability and transferability of future analyses. However, there is reason to believe that there might also be a need for more specific advice for vaccination programmes. For example, there are inconsistencies in the methods used to estimate the future benefits of vaccination programmes and the relative efficiency of these programmes can be sensitive to some of the more controversial aspects of general guidelines, such as the inclusion of indirect costs and the discounting of health outcomes. This guide has been developed in order to meet the needs of decision-makers for relevant, reliable and consistent economic information. They aim to provide clear and concise, practical and high quality guidance for those who conduct economic evaluations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Background
The global population is ageing rapidly and there is a need for strategies to promote health and wellbeing among older adults. Nutrition knowledge is a key predictor of dietary intake; ...therefore, effective educational programmes are urgently required to rectify poor dietary patterns. Digital health technologies provide a viable option for delivering nutrition education that is cost‐effective and widely accessible. However, few technologies have been developed to meet the unique needs and preferences of older adults.
Objective
The aim of this study was to explore technology use among older adults and qualitatively determine the content needs and design preferences for an online nutrition education resource tailored to older adult consumers in Australia.
Methods
Twenty adult participants aged 55 years and older (95% female) participated in one of four 2‐h participatory design workshops. In each workshop, prompted discussion questions were used to explore participants' technology use and preferences and to explore content needs and design preferences for an online nutrition education resource specific to older adults.
Results
All participants were regularly using a range of different devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets and computers) and reported being comfortable doing so. Participants wanted a website that provided general nutrition information, practical advice and recipes. To enhance engagement, they sought a personalised resource that could be adjusted to suit their needs, included up‐to‐date information and allowed for easy sharing with others by exporting information as a PDF.
Conclusions
Participatory design methods generate new knowledge for designing and tailoring digital health technologies to be appropriate and useful for the target audience. Specifically, older adults seek an online resource that has large and simple fonts with clear categories, providing them with practical advice and general nutrition information that can be personalised to suit their own needs and health concerns, with the option to export and print information into a paper‐based format.
Patient or Public Contribution
Older adults actively participated in the development and evaluation process to generate ideas about potential features, functionalities, uses and practicalities of an online nutrition education resource.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
INTRODUCTION. Mentoring is one of the most effective systems for developing leadership for school heads. To date, publications focus on specific aspects of mentoring. The present study aims to review ...mentoring with school heads offering a systemic view that includes data from previous reviews, contributions from the latest research, and a framework for incorporating mentoring into leadership development programs. Two objectives guide the development of this research: 1) to carry out a descriptive analysis of the bibliography (evolution, location, type of studies) and 2) to analyze the factors that affect its effectiveness (conditions for good mentoring, difficulties and benefits). METHOD. A review of the literature is performed following the procedures defined for this purpose. The search is carried out in the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases, using the terms “educational mentoring” as the search equation and inclusion criteria: academic publications referring to educational mentoring, published between 2000 and 2020. Related to educational mentoring, 290 references were obtained, of which 114 documents (39%) refer to mentoring school heads. The final sample after screening consists of 48 articles on managerial mentoring. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The references are analyzed in-depth, showing an increase in studies on mentoring principals as of 2010, especially in Anglo-Saxon countries and through qualitative research. The analysis indicates that school heads have received a substantial boost in accompaniment mechanisms in many parts of the world and have also increased their percentage importance compared to other types of mentoring. These are classified as a critical element in management training programs. We incorporate an analysis of the effects of mentoring on the participating agents and recommendations for including it in development programs.
In Europe, lung cancer ranks third among the most common cancers, remaining the biggest killer. Since the publication of the first European Society of Radiology and European Respiratory Society joint ...white paper on lung cancer screening (LCS) in 2015, many new findings have been published and discussions have increased considerably. Thus, this updated expert opinion represents a narrative, non-systematic review of the evidence from LCS trials and description of the current practice of LCS as well as aspects that have not received adequate attention until now. Reaching out to the potential participants (persons at high risk), optimal communication and shared decision-making will be key starting points. Furthermore, standards for infrastructure, pathways and quality assurance are pivotal, including promoting tobacco cessation, benefits and harms, overdiagnosis, quality, minimum radiation exposure, definition of management of positive screen results and incidental findings linked to respective actions as well as cost-effectiveness. This requires a multidisciplinary team with experts from pulmonology and radiology as well as thoracic oncologists, thoracic surgeons, pathologists, family doctors, patient representatives and others. The ESR and ERS agree that Europe’s health systems need to adapt to allow citizens to benefit from organised pathways, rather than unsupervised initiatives, to allow early diagnosis of lung cancer and reduce the mortality rate. Now is the time to set up and conduct demonstration programmes focusing, among other points, on methodology, standardisation, tobacco cessation, education on healthy lifestyle, cost-effectiveness and a central registry.
Key Points
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Pulmonologists and radiologists both have key roles in the set up of multidisciplinary LCS teams with experts from many other fields.
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Pulmonologists identify people eligible for LCS, reach out to family doctors, share the decision-making process and promote tobacco cessation.
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Radiologists ensure appropriate image quality, minimum dose and a standardised reading/reporting algorithm, together with a clear definition of a “positive screen”.
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Strict algorithms define the exact management of screen-detected nodules and incidental findings.
• For LCS to be (cost-)effective, it has to target a population defined by risk prediction models.
The maritime sector is pivotal for the economic growth of coastal cities like Cádiz, Spain. In our globalised world, ports face high competitiveness, emphasising the growing need for ...English-proficient staff. This research focuses on the Port Authority of Cádiz Bay’s language-training programme, aiming to enhance employees’ English proficiency for job excellence. Through a qualitative study, the paper not only analyses the current programme but also proposes an alternative linguistic training approach. The ultimate objective is to equip port workers with language skills that contribute to providing excellent services to users, addressing the evolving demands of the maritime industry.
The quality of online programmes is expected to improve as more students enrol. Online programmes offer convenience, enabling students to pursue education despite time constraints and work ...commitments. Students, however, still expect an experience comparable to that of face-to-face
classes. As a result, many colleges and universities are beginning to explore the use of teamwork to provide students with a sense of community in online programmes, while also enhancing their learning. Although virtual teams can overcome the limitations of time, space and organisational boundaries
that hinder traditional teams, they face other obstacles in distributed environments, including limited technical abilities and a lack of collaborative skills. This practice paper explores the work of a new assistant professor who incorporated teamwork in virtual classrooms into an online
educational leadership programme. This paper aims to share the challenges and benefits experienced by the instructor while engaging in group work in an online classroom environment, including the various successes and lessons learned.
ObjectiveThe aim was to determine the awareness of and use of injury prevention exercise programmes (IPEPs) among adult Gaelic games players and to investigate Gaelic games players' attitudes to ...injury prevention and barriers and facilitators to successful IPEPs use.MethodsA recruitment email was sent to all clubs and county boards throughout Ireland (whose email was available online) and the survey was advertised on social media platforms. Adult players completed an anonymous survey, including awareness, use, and attitudes towards injury prevention and injuries. Frequencies and descriptive statistics were conducted, a chi-squared test was used to assess any differences in awareness and use of IPEPs, a Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine differences between groups for attitudes to injury prevention (men vs women; elite vs non-elite).ResultsA third of players (32.4%) stated awareness of IPEPs. However, only 13.4% correctly identified one. A significantly greater number of men (35.7%) used IPEPs compared to women (26.5%) (p = 0.04). The Activate (65.5%) and GAA15 (32.5%) were most used. Players had a positive attitude towards injury prevention but agreed that injuries were an issue (68.2%) and stated that their coach didn’t have enough knowledge how to use IPEPs was a large barrier (41.6%).ConclusionDespite this positive attitude to injury prevention and believing injuries are an issue, adoption remains low. Organisations/clubs should educate players on the benefits of using IPEPs and support structures put in place to gain greater implementation, which is critical to mitigating the risk of injury.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Community participation and implementing interventions based on the community are key strategies to eliminate leprosy. Health professionals have an essential role as they are a necessary source of ...information because of their knowledge and experience, as well as their comprehensive perspective of contexts included in the programmes. This study has the aim of analysing the perceptions on the development of programmes with people affected by leprosy from the perspective of professionals that work at different organisations in endemic contexts.
A qualitative study was carried out with the written response to an open question questionnaire which was sent by email. The script content was related to positive aspects and difficulties in daily work, participation from the community in activities, contribution to gender equality and programme sustainability. 27 health professionals were interviewed, 14 women and 13 men, all of which belonged to 16 organisations in India and Brazil. Once the content of the interviews was analysed, two main topics emerged: barriers perceived by professionals and proposals to improve the sustainability of the programmes.
Professionals identify barriers related to social stigma, inequalities, gender inequalities, difficulty managing the disease, limited services, lack of resources and lack of community participation. Furthermore, some necessary recommendations were taken into account to improve programme development related to: Eliminating stigma, reaching gender equality, developing adequate and effective services, guaranteeing adequate and quality resources and achieving compassion among professionals.
Although introducing community programmes with people affected by leprosy has a long history in countries such as India and Brazil, there are still several barriers that can hinder their development. Based on the specific needs of the contexts, recommendations are suggested that, with the involvement of all parties and with sensitive approaches towards human rights and gender, they could help to guarantee universal health coverage and the sustainability of said programmes.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
While many behavioural weight management programmes are effective in the short‐term, post‐programme weight regain is common. Overcoming “lapses” and preventing “relapse” has been highlighted ...as important in weight‐loss maintenance, but little is known on how this is achieved. This study aimed to compare the cognitive and behavioural strategies employed to overcome “lapses” and prevent “relapse” by people who had regained weight or maintained weight‐loss after participating in a weight management programme. By investigating differences between groups, we intended to identify strategies associated with better weight‐loss maintenance. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 26 participants (58% female) recruited from the 5‐year follow‐up of the Weight Loss Referrals for Adults in Primary Care (WRAP) trial (evaluation of a commercial weight‐loss programme). Participants who had lost ≥5% baseline weight during the active intervention were purposively sampled according to 5‐year weight trajectories (n = 16 'Regainers', n = 10 'Maintainers'). Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. Key differences in strategies were that Maintainers continued to pay attention to their dietary intake, anticipated and planned for potential lapses in high‐risk situations, and managed impulses using distraction techniques. Regainers did not report making plans, used relaxed dietary monitoring, found distraction techniques to be ineffective and appeared to have difficulty navigating food within interpersonal relationships. This study is one of the longest qualitative follow‐ups of a weight loss trial to date, offering unique insights into long‐term maintenance. Future programmes should emphasize strategies focusing on self‐monitoring, planning and managing interpersonal relationships to help participants successfully maintain weight‐loss in the longer‐term.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Species of Political Parties Gunther, Richard; Diamond, Larry
Party politics,
03/2003, Volume:
9, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
While the literature already includes a large number of party typologies, they are increasingly incapable of capturing the great diversity of party types that have emerged worldwide in recent ...decades, largely because most typologies were based upon West European parties as they existed in the late nineteenth through mid-twentieth centuries. Some new party types have been advanced, but in an ad hoc manner and on the basis of widely varying and often inconsistent criteria. This article is an effort to set many of the commonly used conceptions of parties into a coherent framework, and to delineate new party types whenever the existing models are incapable of capturing important aspects of contemporary parties. We classify each of 15 ‘species’ of party into its proper ‘genus’ on the basis of three criteria: (1) the nature of the party’s organization (thick/thin, elite-based or mass-based, etc.); (2) the programmatic orientation of the party (ideological, particularistic-clientele-oriented, etc.); and (3) tolerant and pluralistic (or democratic) versus proto-hegemonic (or anti-system). While this typology lacks parsimony, we believe that it captures more accurately the diversity of the parties as they exist in the contemporary democratic world, and is more conducive to hypothesistesting and theory-building than others.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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