Extremely thin, Al–Zn–O composite films (21 ± 6 nm) are deposited on fused silica substrates under various percentages of oxygen in the oxygen/argon gas mixture (3%, 4.5%, 6%, and 7.5%). The films ...are prepared by a cylindrical DC magnetron sputtering system, utilizing a single compound target. The effects of the oxygen percentage on the compositional, morphological, and optical properties of the films are investigated by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV‐visible spectrophotometry, and atomic force microscopy. The chemical composition of the films is Al1 Zn1+X O with 0.2 < X < 1. The average visible transmittance of 93.6% with a high level of uniformity is obtained when the sputtering deposition performs under the oxygen percentage of 6%. It is found that the optical band gap of the films can be tailored toward higher energy by increasing oxygen percentage; however, the adjustable range is not so significant. The results offer cost‐efficient films with high, uniform transmittance in the visible region and with an ability to attenuate more than 10% of incident UV‐B radiation (280‐315 nm). This type of films can potentially be included in greenhouse screen systems to effectively protect the plants from the elevated UV‐B radiation without altering natural conditions.
The greenhouses including the Al‐Zn‐O ceramic coatings in the design of their screen systems effectively protect the plants from the elevated UV‐B radiation caused by man‐made ozone layer depletion.
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The gypsy moth, Lymanria dispar, is one of the most widespread pest-insects in the Russian Federation. Anastatus japonicus Ashmead and Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard are parasites that live on the eggs of ...L. dispar. They can be found in the European part of Russia, where the insects were imported from North Korea in 1988. The usage of O. kuvanae to limit the gypsy moth populations requires recognition of the release rates and effectiveness in preventing mass pest outbreaks, as well as for the evaluation of the possibility of elimination. An experimental release of O. kuvanae (237 500 specimens) was conducted in 2019 during a gypsy moth outbreak in the Orenburg region, which covered the basin of the Ural River within the territory of three forestries. The average number of clutches of O. kuvanae varied from 1 to 20 clutches per tree. The control of efficiency was made 48–52 after the release, during the incubation period of the 3ed generation of O. kuvanae. The clutches were collected and experimentally analyzed. The release rate of L. dispar ranged 82.9–90.3 % at the locations with a density of 107–268 thousand eggs/ha and did not exceed 47.3 % at the locations with a density of 3800 thousand eggs/ha. A coefficient for estimation of the optimal number of O. kuvanae specimens per 1 ha was proposed based on the proportion of the released egg parasitoids per 1 ha and the absolute number of the destroyed eggs of L. dispar. The regulation of the gypsy moth’s population by O. kuvanae should be done at the biggening of the foci formation. The usage of the entomophage in the active reproductive foci of the gypsy moth, with an infestation rate higher than 1.5 clutches per tree, cannot reduce the phytophage numbers to a harmless level. The application of O. kuvanae can be a part of an integrated system of preventive measures: chemical or biological pesticide treatments to reduce gypsy moth populations, and after initiate the release of the entomophages. For citation: Sergeeva Yu.A., Dolmonego S.O. Application of Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard Against Gypsy Moth. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 69–83. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-69-83
Published data on the preparation, physicochemical properties, chemical structure, and biological activity of tetraene macrolide antibiotic tetramycin were systematically described. Various ...directions of practical application of tetramycin in agriculture and food industry as an eco-friendly antifungal preparation were summarized.
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For many years now, biologists are studying the numbers of harmful species, and regulatory factors in the use of mathematical methods. Now researchers in the majority of the population dynamics of ...the pest determinant of the two factors - dependent (regulator) and independent (modified), their density in accordance with the denomination. The Independent factors uniformly act on the pests, regardless of their number. This is mainly climatic factors. In contrast, a number of factors, depending on the density (within Amount competition, predators, parasites, diseases) enhance the scope of its activities, with an increase in the number of population. The process is described by differential equations containing nonlinear connections. In particular, we relied on the equations of Volterra-Lotka and Kolmogorov. As is known, it is impossible to find an analytical solution of such an equation and to conduct a qualitative analysis using phase portraits.
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The paper contains a biogeographical and ecological characterization of law-protected liverworts in Poland. Within the current Ordinance of the Minister of Environment dealing with the designation of ...plants coming under protection (Official Gazette Announcing Current Legislation from 2014, item 1409), 37 liverwort species are strictly protected and 16 liverworts are partially protected. Therefore, altogether 53 species belonging to 31 genera and 21 families are legally protected in Poland (22% of the liverwort flora of Poland). This group comprises 41 threatened species in Poland (77%) and 6 threatened species in Europe. Most of protected liverworts grew in forests (on bark of trees, rotten wood, litter and humus; 22 species – 42%) and in wetlands (in bogs and swamps; 20 species – 38%). The main component of the protected liverworts are oceanic and suboceanic species. This group consists of 25 species (47%). The share of each altitudinal element is aligned (19 lowland species, 17 lowland-mountain species and 17 mountain species). However, the main component of the strictly protected liverworts (17 sp. – 47%) are lowland species.
Published data on the preparation, physicochemical properties, and structure of levoristatin, an anti-fungal antibiotic of non-medical application, were systematically reviewed. The directions of ...practical usage of levoristatin were summarized.
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Phytoalexins are compounds that have been studied a few years ago, which present mainly antimicrobial activity. The plants of the family Poaceae are the most geographically widespread and stand out ...for their economic importance, once they are cereals used as staple food. This family stands out for having a variety of phytoalexins, which can be synthesized via the shikimic acid (the phenylpropanoids), or mevalonic acid, being considered terpenoid phytoalexins. The characterization of these compounds with antimicrobial activity is carried out using chromatographic techniques, and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry are the most efficient methods in this process. This research aimed to present an approach of the function, characterization and biosynthesis of phytoalexins in plants of the family Poaceae.
RESUMO: As fitoalexinas são compostos que vêm sendo estudados há alguns anos, apresentando principalmente atividade antimicrobiana. As plantas da família Poaceae são as geograficamente mais difundidas e se destacam por sua importância econômica, uma vez que são os cereais que compõe a base da alimentação, em todos os continentes. Essa família se destaca por apresentar uma variedade de fitoalexinas, sendo que as mais importantes são sintetizadas a partir da via do ácido chiquímico. A caracterização desses compostos com atividade antimicrobiana é realizada por meio de técnicas cromatográficas, sendo que a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) acoplada com espectrometria de massas é a técnica mais eficiente nesse processo. O trabalho apresenta como objetivo uma abordagem da função, caracterização, biossíntese e aplicações das fitoalexinas em plantas da família Poaceae.
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The purpose of this research was to assess the usefulness of 7 fungicides for protection of Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) against Phytophthora cin-namomi. Under the laboratory conditions, ...activity of the tested agents was assessed on the basis of growth of P. cinnamomi on a medium containing fungicides and the size of necrosis of the inoculated cypress shoots. In field research, the degree of infestation of plants in the infested medium. Laboratory research conducted indicated the highest effec-tiveness in limitation of growth of P. cinnamomi of Acrobat MZ 69 WG and Infinito 687.5 S.C. In field research, complete limitation of infestation of cypress with P. cinnamomi was achieved by applying two-component protection agents, containing propamocarb hydrochloride (Infinito 687.5 SC and Previcur Energy 840 SL), fosetyl-aluminium (Mildex 711,9 WG and Previcur Energy 840 SL) or mancozeb in combination with metalaxyl (Ridomil Gold 68 WG). Differences in terms of effectiveness of the agents examined depending on the application method were examined. Higher effectiveness was achieved through watering in comparison with foliar spraying using the same agents.
Проаналізовано міжнародно-правові вимоги до формування Загальноєвропейської екологічної мережі, стандарти та нормативне регулювання формування екологічної мережі Natura 2000, Смарагдової мережі. ...Окреслено перспективні напрями удосконалення національного законодавства України щодо формування екологічної мережі з метою його гармонізації із законодавством ЄС у частині створення безпечного й сприятливого загальноєвропейського екологічного простору. Встановлено необхідність впровадження в Україні концепції охорони природних середовищ існування тварин, зростання рослинних угруповань. Обґрунтовано доцільність внесення змін до чинного законодавства, що регулює питання розбудови національної екологічної мережі України.
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