Advanced fluid machinery is the key component in the sustainable development of energy and water resources, including various transport processes for liquids. Where fluid flows, fluid machinery ...works. Therefore, fluid machinery occupies an important position in the social economy. This Special Issue, entitled “Optimization and Flow Characteristics in Advanced Fluid Machinery”, provides a platform for the sharing of knowledge among researchers in the field of fluid machinery, and includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations, and experimental studies. This Special Issue covers a wide range of disciplines as follows: (1) optimization of advanced fluid machinery using different advanced algorithms; (2) flow characteristics of advanced fluid machinery using numerical and experimental methods; (3) vibration and noise of advanced fluid machinery; (4) fluid–structural coupling analysis of advanced fluid machinery; (5) cavitation and multi-phase flow of advanced fluid machinery; (6) simulation and optimization of new energy systems; and (6) other aspects of fluid machinery.This Special Issue contains 27 manuscripts, including 1 Editorial and 26 scientific articles. We would like to thank all of the authors and peer reviewers for their valuable contributions to this Special Issue.
Combining solar energy and heat pump technology is a very attractive concept. It is able to eliminate some difficulties and disadvantages of using solar dryer systems or solely using heat pump drying ...separately. Solar assisted heat pump drying systems have been studied and applied since the last decades in order to increase the quality of products where low temperature and well-controlled drying conditions are needed. This paper reviewed studies on the advances in solar heat pump drying systems. Results and observation from the studies of solar assisted heat pump dryer systems indicated that for heat sensitive materials; improved quality control, reduced energy consumption, high coefficient of performance and high thermal efficiency of the dryer were achieved. The way forward and future directions in R&D in this field are further research regarding theoretical and experimental analysis as well as for the replacement of conventional solar dryer or heat pump dryer with solar assisted heat pump drying systems and solar assisted chemical and ground source heat pump dryers which should present energy efficient applications of the technologies.
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3.
Review of magnetohydrodynamic pump applications Al-Habahbeh, O.M.; Al-Saqqa, M.; Safi, M. ...
Alexandria engineering journal,
June 2016, 2016-06-00, 2016-06-01, Volume:
55, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) principle is an important interdisciplinary field. One of the most important applications of this effect is pumping of materials that are hard to pump using conventional ...pumps. In this work, the progress achieved in this field is surveyed and organized according to the type of application. The literature of the past 27years is searched for the major developments of MHD applications. MHD seawater thrusters are promising for a variety of applications requiring high flow rates and velocity. MHD molten metal pump is important replacement to conventional pumps because their moving parts cannot stand the molten metal temperature. MHD molten salt pump is used for nuclear reactor coolants due to its no-moving-parts feature. Nanofluid MHD pumping is a promising technology especially for bioapplications. Advantages of MHD include silence due to no-moving-parts propulsion. Much progress has been made, but with MHD pump still not suitable for wider applications, this remains a fertile area for future research.
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Ion-transporting microbial rhodopsins are widely used as major molecular tools in optogenetics. They are categorized into light-gated ion channels and light-driven ion pumps. While the former ...passively transport various types of cations and anions in a light-dependent manner, light-driven ion pumps actively transport specific ions, such as H
, Na
, Cl
, against electrophysiological potential by using light energy. Since the ion transport by these pumps induces hyperpolarization of membrane potential and inhibit neural firing, light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are mostly applied as inhibitory optogenetics tools. Recent progress in genome and metagenome sequencing identified more than several thousands of ion-pumping rhodopsins from a wide variety of microbes, and functional characterization studies has been revealing many new types of light-driven ion pumps one after another. Since light-gated channels were reviewed in other chapters in this book, here the rapid progress in functional characterization, molecular mechanism study, and optogenetic application of ion-pumping rhodopsins were reviewed.
Background
Helicobacter pylori treatment recommendations often recommend use of double‐dose PPI or greater. This is confusing because PPIs very markedly in relative potency such that a double dose of ...one may not even be equivalent to the single dose of another.
Objective
To relate the concept of double‐dose to specific amounts of the different PPIs
Methods
We used data standardizing PPI potency in terms of the duration of intragastric pH >4/24 hours (pH4‐time) to rank PPIs. Relative potency varies from 4.5 mg omeprazole equivalents (20 mg pantoprazole) to 72 mg omeprazole equivalents (40 mg rabeprazole).
Results
We defined PPI dosing for H. pylori therapy as low dose (eg, approximately 20 mg omeprazole equivalents, b.i.d.), high or double dose as approximately 40 mg omeprazole equivalents, b.i.d.) and high dose as approximately 60 mg omeprazole equivalents, b.i.d.). For example, standard double dose PPI would thus be 40 mg of omeprazole, 20 mg of esomeprazole or rabeprazole, 45 mg of lansoprazole, or 120 mg of pantoprazole each given b.i.d.
Conclusions
Simply doubling the dose of any PPI achieves markedly different effects on pH4‐time. However, PPIs can be used interchangeably and cost effectively based on their omeprazole equivalency.
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Heat pump systems offer economical alternatives of recovering heat from different sources for use in various industrial, commercial and residential applications. As the cost of energy continues to ...rise, it becomes imperative to save energy and improve overall energy efficiency. In this light, the heat pump becomes a key component in an energy recovery system with great potential for energy saving. Improving heat pump performance, reliability, and its environmental impact has been an ongoing concern. Recent progresses in heat pump systems have centred upon advanced cycle designs for both heat- and work-actuated systems, improved cycle components (including choice of working fluid), and exploiting utilisation in a wider range of applications. For the heat pump to be an economical proposition, continuous efforts need to be devoted to improving its performance and reliability while discovering novel applications. Some recent research efforts have markedly improved the energy efficiency of heat pump. For example, the incorporation of a heat-driven ejector to the heat pump has improved system efficiency by more than 20%. Additionally, the development of better compressor technology has the potential to reduce energy consumption of heat pump systems by as much as 80%. The evolution of new hybrid systems has also enabled the heat pump to perform efficiently with wider applications. For example, incorporating a desiccant to a heat pump cycle allowed better humidity and temperature controls with achievable COP as high as 6. This review paper provides an update on recent developments in heat pump systems, and is intended to be a “one-stop” archive of known practical heat pump solutions. The paper, broadly divided into three main sections, begins with a review of the various methods of enhancing the performance of heat pumps. This is followed by a review of the major hybrid heat pump systems suitable for application with various heat sources. Lastly, the paper presents novel applications of heat pump systems used in select industries.
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Although promising, the efficiency of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) is limited by cellular glutathione (GSH). GSH is not a terminal reducing agent ...but it can be oxidized and subsequently reduced to its original state by reductases to further participate in antioxidant activity. It is therefore imperative to control GSH for effectively inducing oxidation within tumor cells. Recent studies showed that tumor cell metabolism depends mainly on glutamine, which is also the nitrogen and ATP source for GSH synthesis. Therefore, glutamine-based starvation therapy may be effective in enhancing photodynamic therapy. In this work, tumor-derived exosomes were developed for co-delivering AIEgens and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for tumor combination therapy. Tumor-derived exosomes could specifically deliver drugs to the tumor sites, where PPI inhibited cell glutamine metabolism, suppressed tumor cell GSH and ATP production, and improved the effect of type-I PDT from AIEgens. When used in the treatment of MGC803 gastric cancer subcutaneous model, our system shows a high tumor growth inhibition rate, and even promoting tumor immunogenic death. This is the first work which combine inhibition of glutamine metabolism with PDT, and it has the potential to be applied for future designs of new tumor metabolic therapies and photodynamic systems.
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Recently, Sazanov’s group reported the X-ray structure of whole complex I Nature, 465, 441 (2010), which presented a strong clue for a “piston-like” structure as a key element in an “indirect” proton ...pump. We have studied the NuoL subunit which has a high sequence similarity to Na
+/H
+ antiporters, as do the NuoM and N subunits. We constructed 27 site-directed NuoL mutants. Our data suggest that the H
+/e
− stoichiometry seems to have decreased from (4H
+/2e
−) in the wild-type to approximately (3H
+/2e
−) in NuoL mutants. We propose a revised hypothesis that each of the “direct” and the “indirect” proton pumps transports 2H
+ per 2e
−.
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Influenza virus infections lead to numerous deaths and millions of hospitalizations each year. One challenge facing anti-influenza drug development is the heterogeneity of the circulating influenza ...viruses, which comprise several strains with variable susceptibility to antiviral drugs. For example, the wild-type (WT) influenza A viruses, such as the seasonal H1N1, tend to be sensitive to antiviral drugs, amantadine and rimantadine, while the S31N mutant viruses, such as the pandemic 2009 H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) and seasonal H3N2, are resistant to this class of drugs. Thus, drugs targeting both WT and the S31N mutant are highly desired. We report our design of a novel class of dual inhibitors along with their ion channel blockage and antiviral activities. The potency of the most active compound 11 in inhibiting WT and the S31N mutant influenza viruses is comparable with that of amantadine in inhibiting WT influenza virus. Solution NMR studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of drug-M2 interactions supported our design hypothesis: namely, the dual inhibitor binds in the WT M2 channel with an aromatic group facing down toward the C-terminus, while the same drug binds in the S31N M2 channel with its aromatic group facing up toward the N-terminus. The flip-flop mode of drug binding correlates with the structure–activity relationship (SAR) and has paved the way for the next round of rational design of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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