Esse artigo teve como objetivo analisar tecnicamente os Projetos de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas (PRADs) submetidos à Promotoria Regional Ambiental do Recôncavo Sul do Ministério Público do Estado ...da Bahia, em andamento no mês de fevereiro de 2020. Foram contabilizados os Termos de Ajustamento de Conduta que exigiam PRAD e verificada a data de assinatura, a fim de certificar o cumprimento dos prazos. Foi realizada análise técnica do conteúdo dos PRADs que haviam sido entregues, de acordo às exigências básicas contidas na Instrução Normativa IBAMA n° 04, de 13 de abril de 2011. Apenas 4% dos projetos atenderam totalmente às exigências técnicas para a elaboração dos PRADs. A recuperação ambiental por meio dos PRADs carece de eficiência, pois a maioria dos projetos analisados neste trabalho não foram devidamente elaborados e embasados de forma técnica e criteriosa.
•A review of the existing in-situ heavy oil recovery techniques is presented.•Various aspects of traditional recovery methods are systematically discussed.•The in-situ catalytic upgrading and ...recovery of heavy crude oil is elaborated.•Standards and methodologies are summarized to establish the technological criteria.
Due to the growing global energy demand and increasingly limited availability of conventional or easy-to-produce crude oils, extensive attention is being paid to the exploitation of unconventional heavy and extra-heavy oils. However, their inherent properties, characterized by high viscosity and poor mobility, coupled with the complex reservoir configuration, make the desired recovery processes very challenging. Although several in-situ recovery techniques have been employed in oil reservoirs worldwide, most of them are still suffering from low sweep and displacement efficiencies, high capital investment, potential formation damage and negative environmental footprints.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing in-situ heavy oil recovery techniques, which fall into three categories of thermal injection, chemical injection and gas injection. Different aspects including the fundamental principles, main features, applicability, and limitations of these recovery processes are elaborated sequentially to illustrate the current technology status. Underlying mechanisms causing the relatively low recovery factors will also be pinpointed. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the technology using novel and active catalysts for simultaneous heavy oil upgrading and recovery, especially in the case of metallic nanocatalysts. Rationales, advantages and challenges regarding this in-situ catalytic upgrading technology will be extensively described for their potential implementation in fields. It is noteworthy that many recovery techniques are still limited to the laboratory scale with needs for further investigations. Therefore, this paper also covers the evaluation standards and analytical methodologies of heavy and extra-heavy oil recovery to establish experimental screening criteria. In the end, economic and environmental aspects of the in-situ catalytic upgrading technology have been briefly discussed. The objective of this review is to present a wide range of expertise related to the in-situ heavy oil recovery processes, and to introduce the in-situ catalytic upgrading technology as an effective and environmental friendly heavy oil recovery process.
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•Membrane-based enthalpy exchanger for simultaneous heat and water recovery.•Indirect contact of two gas phase streams in non-isothermal enthalpy exchangers.•Classical and newly ...developed membranes and modules for water and heat recovery.•Waste heat recovery from flue gas/natural gas in addition to classic air-to-air applications.•Mechanisms of water recovery depending on membrane type and operating conditions.
Membrane-based gas-to-gas enthalpy exchangers have a significant position in energy recovery systems, especially in building ventilation. Membrane-based heat exchangers are similar in design to sensible heat exchangers, with a semi-permeable membrane instead of solid interface plates to recover sensible heat and moisture simultaneously. In the present work, all aspects affecting the non-isothermal performance of gas-to-gas membrane heat exchangers have been investigated. These include the effects of membrane core type and properties, moisture transfer mechanisms, module geometry, ways to increase sensible and latent heat recovery efficiency, and the use of these devices in ventilation systems under all climate conditions, other waste heat recovery applications, and industrial systems. Novel membranes, module geometries, and flow configurations developed for this purpose are also presented in this paper. In addition to state of the art in the enthalpy heat exchangers, the outlook and further suggestions are provided.
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It is well-known that colloid and interface science and petroleum production are inextricably linked. Whether in the reservoir, with its porous structure, or during recovery, crude oil is intimately ...associated with rock surfaces and with water, often in the form of emulsions. This situation leads to highly complex systems, comprising multiple colloids and interfaces, which require to be optimized if oil is to be recovered efficiently, both in terms of economic cost and with due concern for the environment. This book contains a compilation of contemporary research topics which illustrate various aspects of the importance of colloids and interfaces in crude oil recovery through modifying conditions between the rock, crude oil, and water in the reservoir, in order to achieve improved oil recovery. The specific topics covered relate both to conventional oils, in which waterflooding is the most common secondary and tertiary means of recovery, and to non-conventional heavy oil and natural bitumen, which require thermal recovery methods, owing to their high viscosity.
The precise mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of regulatory T (Treg) cells on long-term tissue repair remain elusive. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry, we found ...that Treg cells infiltrated the brain 1 to 5 weeks after experimental stroke in mice. Selective depletion of Treg cells diminished oligodendrogenesis, white matter repair, and functional recovery after stroke. Transcriptomic analyses revealed potent immunomodulatory effects of brain-infiltrating Treg cells on other immune cells, including monocyte-lineage cells. Microglia depletion, but not T cell lymphopenia, mitigated the beneficial effects of transferred Treg cells on white matter regeneration. Mechanistically, Treg cell-derived osteopontin acted through integrin receptors on microglia to enhance microglial reparative activity, consequently promoting oligodendrogenesis and white matter repair. Increasing Treg cell numbers by delivering IL-2:IL-2 antibody complexes after stroke improved white matter integrity and rescued neurological functions over the long term. These findings reveal Treg cells as a neurorestorative target for stroke recovery.
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•Brain-infiltrating Treg cells are essential for behavioral recovery and brain repair•Interactions between Treg cells and microglia enhance oligodendrogenesis after stroke•Treg cells secrete osteopontin to promote tissue-reparative microglial reactions•Boosting Treg numbers improves long-term outcomes after stroke
The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of Treg cells on stroke recovery remain unclear. Shi et al. report that brain-infiltrating Treg cells enhance brain repair after stroke. Treg-cell-derived osteopontin promotes a tissue-reparative microglial response, thereby facilitating oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination at the chronic stages of stroke. Boosting Treg cell numbers with an IL-2:IL-2 antibody complex improves long-term stroke recovery.
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This work presents the mathematical modeling, simulation, and experimental validation of a paired metal ions recovery process in a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) electrochemical reactor in a ...continuous mode of operation. The process involves the recovery of copper, Cu(II), and silver, Ag(I), ions cathodically with the simultaneous recovery of lead, Pb(II), ions anodically. The experimental process was implemented in a traditional RCE electrochemical reactor, with a stainless-steel cylinder working as a cathode and six-dimensional stable plate anodes (DSA) concentric to the cathode. The experimental scheme consisted of a central composite design (CCD) with three response variables, the Cu(II), Ag(I), and Pb(II) conversion as a function of the rotating speed (rpm), current density (A m−2), and flow rate (cm3 min−1). Second-order empirical polynomials were fitted to the Cu(II) and Ag(I) conversion experimental data, while for Pb(II) conversion, a first-order polynomial was fitted. The hydrodynamics and tertiary current distribution phenomena were modeled and simulated numerically using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software COMSOL Multiphysics. The CFD models obtained were validated with the experimental information from the experimental design. Low deviation values of the theoretical approximation to the experimental values were obtained. Also, empirical models were developed from the experimental design, which are useful for predicting the response variables in the space design, while the validated CFD models can predict the RCE electrochemical reactor behavior at any operation condition.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Low-grade heat accounts for >50% of the total dissipated heat sources in industries. An efficient recovery of low-grade heat into useful electricity not only reduces the consumption of fossil-fuels ...but also releases the subsequential environmental-crisis. Thermoelectricity offers an ideal solution, yet low-temperature efficient materials have continuously been limited to Bi
Te
-alloys since the discovery in 1950s. Scarcity of tellurium and the strong property anisotropy cause high-cost in both raw-materials and synthesis/processing. Here we demonstrate cheap polycrystalline antimonides for even more efficient thermoelectric waste-heat recovery within 600 K than conventional tellurides. This is enabled by a design of Ni/Fe/Mg
SbBi and Ni/Sb/CdSb contacts for both a prevention of chemical diffusion and a low interfacial resistivity, realizing a record and stable module efficiency at a temperature difference of 270 K. In addition, the raw-material cost to the output power ratio in this work is reduced to be only 1/15 of that of conventional Bi
Te
-modules.
Severe spinal cord contusions interrupt nearly all brain projections to lumbar circuits producing leg movement. Failure of these projections to reorganize leads to permanent paralysis. Here we ...modeled these injuries in rodents. A severe contusion abolished all motor cortex projections below injury. However, the motor cortex immediately regained adaptive control over the paralyzed legs during electrochemical neuromodulation of lumbar circuits. Glutamatergic reticulospinal neurons with residual projections below the injury relayed the cortical command downstream. Gravity-assisted rehabilitation enabled by the neuromodulation therapy reinforced these reticulospinal projections, rerouting cortical information through this pathway. This circuit reorganization mediated a motor cortex-dependent recovery of natural walking and swimming without requiring neuromodulation. Cortico-reticulo-spinal circuit reorganization may also improve recovery in humans.
With increasing energy and resource consumption due to population growth, the biorefinery concept is becoming popular. This concept aims to harness all the properties of biomass by producing energy ...and recovering useful chemical products. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus play a key role in the world’s food production because they are the main elements used in fertilizer production. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been presented as a suitable option for energy recovery that can also be used as a pre-treatment for enhanced nutrient recovery. During the HTC process, part of the nitrogen and phosphorus are solubilized into the process water and the other part remains within the hydrochar. Hydrochars are mainly used as soil amendments due to their high content of phosphorus and nitrogen, but in this process, water still contains a considerable concentration of these compounds making it a potential source for their recovery. Therefore, HTC may boost the nutrient recovery strategy by extraction (process water) or densification (hydrochar) from biomass if it is coupled with another nutrient recovery process. This review presents an overview of the phosphorus and nitrogen fate during the HTC process from a perspective of nutrient recovery, presenting existing technologies and future trends.
•A critical review of HTC process for N and P recovery strategy is presented.•Different strategies of recovery of P and N using HTC are compared.•Detailed mechanisms of solubilization of P and N during HTC are described.•Reaction pathways involving P and N during HTC are outlined.•Existing technologies for P and N recovery are presented.
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