A study of deformation behavior of LZ50 axle steel has great significance to the railway industry. Hot-deformation tests were performed using a Gleeble-3800 thermal mechanical simulator at ...temperatures of (900, 1000 and 1100) °C with strain rates of (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0) s–1 under different deformation degrees of 0.2, 0.6 and 1.0. True stress-strain curves were discussed to obtain hot-processing maps. Then hot-processing maps of LZ50 steel at different deformation parameters were discussed including safe zones and unsafe zones. Finally, thermal deformation constitutive equations and dynamic recrystallization models were established based on the experimental data. The results show that at a strain rate of 10.0 s–1, the peak value of the flow stress increases by approximately 40 MPa with a decrease in the temperature from 1000 °C 900 °C, which is larger than the value of 18 MPa obtained at a decrease from 1100 °C to 1000 °C. At deformation temperatures of 900–1000 °C, the peak value of the flow stress increases by approximately 37 MPa with the strain rate increasing from 0.1 s–1 to 1.0 s–1, while from 1.0 s–1 to 10.0 s–1, the increase is approximately 21 MPa. With an increase in the strain from 0.2 to 1.0, the instability area under the low deformation temperature expands due to a higher strain rate. The activation energy of dynamic recrystallization is 334.537 kJ/mol.
The hot-deformation behavior of the as-cast Mn18Cr18N high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel, produced with the electroslag-remelting metallurgical technology, was studied using ...isothermal-compression tests in a temperature range of 1223–1473 K) and a strain-rate range of 0.001–1 s–1). The flow-stress curves of the Mn18Cr18N steel were obtained under different hot-deformation conditions. By establishing the hyperbolic sine-law Zener-Hollomon equation, the hot-deformation activation energy of the Mn18Cr18N steel was obtained. Based on the mechanism of dislocation evolution, a physically-based constitutive model was established. In addition, the expression of the dynamic-recovery coefficient of the model was modified. Compared with the model before the modification, the modified constitutive model could effectively improve the prediction accuracy of the flow stress for the as-cast Mn18Cr18N austenitic stainless steel.
Annealing of deformed martensite (high-temperature tempering) in St37 steel was studied. Different reductions in thickness were considered and compared with the behavior of as-quenched martensite ...during tempering. tempering of the asquenched martensite was accompanied by the formation of carbide particles, incomplete disappearance of the lath martensite morphology, and continuous decrease in hardness until reaching low values. However, during tempering of the cold rolled martensite, the precipitation of carbides in the lamellar structure, development of distinct equiaxed ultrafine grains through a continuous recrystallization mechanism, and a sudden hardness drop were characterized. The importance of cold rolling reduction and its amount were also discussed.
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U radu se analiziraju utjecaji broja okretaja i brzine zavarivanja na udarnu žilavost, metalografska obilježja i raspodjelu mikrotvrdoće po površini poprečnog presjeka FSW zavarenog spoja kovanih ...ploča od visokočvrste legure aluminija faznog sastava Al-Zn-Mg-Cu. Broj okretaja je mijenjan u rasponu od 750 min−1 do 850 min−1, a brzina zavarivanja od 60 mm/min do 80 mm/min. Razdvajanjem energije inicijacije pukotine od energije potrebne za njezinu propagaciju, uočava se da je čak i do tri puta veća vrijednost energije koja je potrebna za njezinu propagaciju. Odnos energije inicijacije i energije propagacije je dobiven ispitivanjem Charpy epruvete sa zarezom u središtu, lijevo i desno od središta metala šava 4 mm u smjeru suprotnom od smjera zavarivanja. Distribucija mikrotvrdoće metala šava ne pokazuje veliko rasipanje vrijednosti bez obzira da li je mjerno mjesto u gornjoj ili donjoj razini površine zavarivanih komada. Na mikrograficima jasno se uočavaju zone strukturnih sadržaja zavarenog spoja na osnovi veličine zrna i linija tečenja materijala.
Data su laboratorijska istraživanja prerađivačkih svojstva brzoreznog čelika 1.3302 u vrućem stanju koji su doprinijeli poboljšanju tih svojstava. Izvedeni su pokusi vrućeg sabijanja za određivanje ...temperature zagrijavanja kao i prerađivačkih svojstva u temperaturnom rasponu 1 150-850 ºC, brzinom deformacije 0,001-6 s–1 i stupnja deformacije do 0,9. Analizirana je mikrostruktura deformiranih proba.Izračunane su prividne aktivacijske energije za vruću preradu za gornje i donje temperaturno područje. Počeci dinamičke rekristalizacije za primijenjene uvjete deformacije utvrđeni su na temelju izračuna brzine deformacijskog očvršćavanja. Primjenjujući optimalno temperaturu zagrijavanja dobiveno je povećanje vrućeg radnog temperaturnog raspona na svojoj donjoj granici, odnosno do 850 ºC.
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Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Rekristalizacija uzoraka allanita različitog stupnja metamiktnosti je inducirana žarenjem uzoraka na zraku, te u uvjetima inertne i ...reduktivne atmosfere na odabranim temperaturama. Do 800C metamiktni uzorci allanita djelomično rekristaliziraju u kristalnu strukturu allanita, no kod jače metamiktnih uzoraka već na ovoj temperaturi dolazi do pojavljivanja novih faza, cerijanita i hematita. Zbog oksidacije Fe2+ i Ce3+, te posljedično otpuštanja OHaniona, u danim uvjetima, nemoguće je ostvariti potpunu rekristalizaciju, a na višim temperaturama (> 900C) kristalna struktura allanita se u potpunosti raspada na jednostavnije okside (cerijanit, hematit), fosfate (britholit) i silikate (anortit). Iz tog razloga su odabrani uzorci hidrotermalno tretirani na nižim (150 -250C), te višim (400-800C) temperaturama na kojima dolazi do potpune rekristalizacije metamiknih uzoraka allanita, neovisno o stupnju metamiktnosti, bez pojave dodatnih faza. Jedan uzorak allanita je podvrgnut bombardiranju neutronima radi rušenja kristalne strukture, što je djelomično uspješno izvršeno. Svi procesi su praćeni difrakcijom rentgenskih zraka na prahu, visokorazlučujućom transimisijskom elektronskom mikroskopijom, te elektronskom difrakcijom, IR, Raman i Mössbauer spektroskopijom te termičkim metodama.- Recrystallization of allanite with different degrees of metamictization is induced by annealing of samples in air, inert and reductive atmosphere at chosen temperatures. Up to 800C metamict samples of allanite partially recrystallize to allanite crystal structure, but with heavily metamictized samples, already at these temperatures, new phases such as cerianite and hematite, occur. It is impossible to accomplish complete recrystallization in these conditions due to oxidation of Fe2+ and Ce3+, and escape of OHanion from the structure, and at higher temperatures (> 900C), allanite crystal structure breaks down to a mixture of simple oxides (cerianite an hematite), phosphate (britholite) and silicate (anorthite). Thus, chosen samples were hydrothermally treated at lower (150 -250C), and higher (400-800C) temperatures when complete recrystallization, without additional phases and regardless of the degree of metamictization, occurs. One allanite sample was bombarded with neutron flux, in order to destroy its crystal structure, what was partially accomplished. All processes were monitored by X-ray powder diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy coupled with electron diffraction, IR, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy, and thermal methods.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Članak daje novi model za vrjednovanje kritične deformacije početka dinamičke rekristalizacije. Novi model odražava razvoj oblikovanja pri valjanju, gdje utjecajem otežane deformacije, krivulja ...deformacijske brzine na površinskom sloju ima dva ekstrema. To su dva razloga gdje je početak dinamičke rekristalizacije blizu površine valjanog komada zakočen, protivno teoriji valjanja trake. Dati model je bio primijenjen u programu pri simulaciji procesa oblikovanja metodom konačnih elemenata (MKE), a provedena je i usporedba izmedju fizikalnog eksperimenta i matematičkog modela.
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Provedena su ispitivanja čvrstoće različitih austenitnih nehrđajućih čelika na povišenoj temperaturi 800-1200°C. Utvrđeni su utjecaji δ ferita na rekristalizaciju, σ faze na deformabilnost te ...temperature na oporavljanje, rekristalizaciju i porast zrna.
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