Civilizing nature Gissibl, Bernhard; Höhler, Sabine; Kupper, Patrick
2012., 20121115, 2012, 2012-12-19, Volume:
1
eBook, Book
National parks are one of the most important and successful institutions in global environmentalism. Since their first designation in the United States in the 1860s and 1870s they have become a ...global phenomenon. The development of these ecological and political systems cannot be understood as a simple reaction to mounting environmental problems, nor can it be explained by the spread of environmental sensibilities. Shifting the focus from the usual emphasis on national parks in the United States, this volume adopts an historical and transnational perspective on the global geography of protected areas and its changes over time. It focuses especially on the actors, networks, mechanisms, arenas, and institutions responsible for the global spread of the national park and the associated utilization and mobilization of asymmetrical relationships of power and knowledge, contributing to scholarly discussions of globalization and the emergence of global environmental institutions and governance.
The role of local people in contemporary nature conservation practices is often poorly understood or neglected. This book, therefore, examines questions of local participation at the nature-society ...nexus within national parks in the transitional context of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The post-1990 reconfiguration of conservation paradigms in this part of the world has re-opened various age-old debates about the protection and administration of natural heritage. Further complicating the situation has been the introduction of market-based principles, which has embedded the entire process in broader dynamics of neoliberalization and the capitalist space economy. Providing an integrated perspective on why, how and for whom nature conservation practices have been implemented in CEE, this book sheds further light upon the mechanisms through which such practices both redefine and are affected by the everyday life of people living in national parks. Offering a critical global review of the environmental motivations and power interests behind the creation of national parks, as well as a typology of the relations between local people and the dynamics of nature protection in them, this work challenges the dichotomy between developed and developing countries that pervades much of the academic literature on nature protection. Author Saska Petrova highlights the lessons that can be learnt by applying the experiences of local community participation in environmental management in CEE to other locations undergoing major systemic change in their environmental governance practices, such as the 'low carbon transition' that is currently unfolding at a global scale.
Crimes against Nature reveals the hidden history behind three of the nation's first parklands: the Adirondacks, Yellowstone, and the Grand Canyon. Focusing on conservation's impact on local ...inhabitants, Karl Jacoby traces the effect of criminalizing such traditional practices as hunting, fishing, foraging, and timber cutting in the newly created parks. Jacoby reassesses the nature of these "crimes" and provides a rich portrait of rural people and their relationship with the natural world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Reducing carbon emissions in China is critical to global low-carbon transition. Switching coal to natural gas in end-use sectors is a key mitigation strategy in China, whilst insufficient natural gas ...reserve capacity hinders the growth of natural gas consumption. Besides strategic reserves, peak-shaving reserves are vital to tackle seasonal demand fluctuation. Identifying an appropriate scale of natural gas reserves can significantly reduce costs, whilst current studies focus on strategic reserves. In this paper, a multi-scale method is proposed to quantify the optimal scale of natural gas reserves in China, which combines three sub-models with matched temporal-spatial resolutions tackling daily, monthly peak-shaving reserves and strategic reserves respectively. Results show that the optimal scale of natural gas reserves is 14.2 percent of annual demand, higher than the level of 5.2 percent in 2017, and lower than policy targets of 15.6 percent. Results reflect the serious shortage of reserve capacity and the need of fast expansion, whilst pointing out that a small reduction in policy targets can support natural gas growth at lower costs. The optimal scale of daily, monthly peak-shaving reserves and strategic reserves is pointed out, which is 0.6, 8 and 5.6 percent of annual demand respectively.
•Optimal natural gas reserve capacity are identified subject to demand fluctuations.•Multi-scale models are developed to quantitatively facilitate decision making.•Current natural gas reserve capacity is suggested to increase by 2.5 folds.•The proposed expansion plan can lead to cost reduction and more flexible operation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We empirically test early monetary theories in which reserve creation plays a crucial role in the transmission of quantitative easing (QE). Analyzing the unprecedented injection of reserves across ...several Federal Reserve QE programs, we demonstrate a causal effect of bank‐level reserve accumulation on lending and risk‐taking activity. To overcome the endogeneity of bank‐level reserve increases to banks' other portfolio decisions, we employ instruments made available by a regulatory change that strongly influenced the distribution of reserves in the banking system. Consistent with the theory, we document that reserve creation leads to higher total loan growth and increased risk taking.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In power systems with high shares of variable and limitedly predictable renewables, power system operators need to schedule flexible load, generation, and storage to maintain the power system balance ...when forecast errors occur. To ensure a reliable and cost-effective power system operation, novel reserve sizing and allocation methods are needed. Although stochastic formulations of the unit commitment (UC) problem allow calculating an optimal trade-off between the cost of scheduling and activating reserves, load shedding and curtailment, these models may become computationally intractable for real-life power systems. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a novel set of probabilistic reserve constraints, which allows internalizing the reserve sizing and allocation problem in a deterministic UC model, considering the full cost of reserve allocation and activation. Extensive numerical simulations show that this novel formulation yields UC schedules that are nearly as cost-effective as the theoretical optimal solution of the stochastic model in calculation times similar to that of a deterministic equivalent.
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