•We surveyed the use of urban green spaces by young urban residents.•Low-intensity activities such as walking were the most common activities.•Living context, quality of vegetation, and accessibility ...affect the use significantly.•Physical activities can be encouraged by increase the link of existing green spaces.
Urban green spaces hold great potential for promoting an active life style that allows urban residents to achieve important health benefits. The type of urban green space that is most effective to reach these goals is still unclear. In this study we used an online survey to investigate the ways in which young, urban residents in Beijing, China use urban green spaces for physical activities. We analyzed the factors that affect the residents’ satisfaction levels when participating in physical activities in urban green spaces by using ordinal logistic regression. Responses from the 1062 survey participants indicated that low-intensity activities (e.g., walking, sightseeing) were the most common activities. The living context, quality of vegetation, and accessibility of urban green spaces had a significant effect on residents’ satisfaction levels. For a compact city like Beijing, we recommended plans that focus on increasing the link among existing urban green spaces and improve the maintenance of residential green spaces in order to increase the use of urban green spaces for physical activities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Urban segregation is a topic worthy of attention in most cities of the world; Because in many cities, this separation has been, if not the originator, but has aggravated some social problems, and ...many social and economic problems of such societies arise from the existence of residential segregation, which has become an important challenge in urban and residential policymaking. It has been in the cities. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to measure the residential segregation of Ardabil city using multi-group measurement index. The research method is quantitative and its approach is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research is the legal area of Ardabil city in 2015 and the sample size is all the statistical blocks of the mentioned year. The required data was analyzed in the form of a map using geographic information system, GeoDa software and spatial separation analysis. For this purpose, it was first measured the degree of segregation of several groups between the upper, middle and lower classes of the city. The results showed that there is a moderate separation between the strata in the city. Based on the results obtained from spatial statistics methods, it was found that among the 6738 city blocks in 2015, Ardabil city has a centralized and cluster structure. In a general summary of the results obtained based on the indicators used, it can be said that the spatial structure of Ardabil city has a concentrated pattern and the areas with the highest degree of urban deprivation are located in the northwest and southeast parts and mainly include Informal settlement areas are areas with middle disorganized texture and textures with rural background.
In recent years, approaches to tracking the spread of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as part of outbreak management have used conventional DNA-based methods, including pulsed-field ...gel electrophoresis and spa typing. However, when a predominant clone is present, these methods may be insufficiently discriminatory. A literature search was undertaken to highlight how whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionized the investigation of outbreaks of MRSA, including intrahospital spread and MRSA in the community, and to review its future potential. WGS provides enhanced isolate discrimination, as it permits the entire genomic DNA sequence of isolates to be determined and compared rapidly. Software packages used for the analysis of WGS data are becoming increasingly available. To date, WGS has been more sensitive in confirming outbreaks, often persisting for prolonged periods, previously undetected by conventional molecular typing. The evolving dynamic of spread from the community to hospitals, within and between hospitals, and from hospitals to the community is only becoming clear with WGS studies, and is more complex and convoluted than widely appreciated. Also, WGS can exclude cross-transmission, when isolates are different. The challenges now are to make WGS technology more amenable for routine use, and to develop an evidence-based consensus for sequence difference thresholds for isolates that are deemed to be part of the same outbreak, including protracted outbreaks. Using such data in a timely way will provide increased sensitivity in detecting cross-transmission events at an earlier stage, with the potential to prevent outbreaks, and have a positive impact on infection prevention and control.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Development of a MILP model for the management of domestic energy.•A HPVS supports domestic consumption by relieving energy supply congestion.•The CPLEX solver is used to find the optimal solution ...for the MILP model.•Different PV area values are considered to satisfy the RU’s energy needs.
In residential units (RUs), utilizing a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) source allows reducing the energy bill, as well as guarantee a continuous supply. However, the large-scale injection of PV energy surplus may cause congestion in the electrical network (EN), especially in the feeders, compromising its safety and reliability. To address this concern, this work proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for the intelligent management of energy in an RU with the support of a hybrid PV scheme (HPVS). The proposed model aims to minimize the energy consumption costs due to the optimal scheduling of residential appliances usage, including the electric vehicle (EV) battery charging. The proposed HPVS makes efficient use of a PV-array, storage battery (SB), and the energy provided by EN in order to meet the consumption needs of the RU. Operating constraints and technical limits related to the performance of each technology are considered. The simulation of uncertainties in the home appliances usage, EV charging, as well as the levels of solar radiation due to weather variation, are performed to obtain a more realistic MILP model. The results show the efficient performance of the proposed HPVS scheme in reducing RU energy consumption costs, as well as in optimizing the lifetime of the equipment, such as SB, PV array, EN’s domestic distribution network, without compromising the continuity of the supply service.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•NHTS 2009 is used for analyzing home delivery frequency for the first time.•A right censored negative binomial model is used.•Personal and household related factors have significant influence on ...home delivery.•Freight trips generated by residential units and businesses are comparable in magnitude.
As a result of the rapid growth of online shopping, more goods and services are delivered directly to residential units. The door-to-door deliveries improve residents’ accessibility to retail sector, and at the same time create truck delivery trips. However, partially due to the data limitation, most existing freight research focuses on freight trips generated by business establishments. Little is known about freight trips generated by residential units. As a growing number of urban areas are pushing for dense and mixed development, it is necessary to understand the pattern of truck freight trips directly generated by residential units. This paper uses the U.S. National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data to investigate the freight trips generated by residential units. The 2009 NHTS provides accurate, comprehensive and timely information on trips, land use, household characteristics and social economic factors. It is the first time that the NHTS data is used to estimate freight trips. A binary choice model and a right-censored negative binomial model are used to identify the impacts of person-related, household-related, and regional-specific variables on home delivery frequency. A case study for the New York State Capital District is then presented. The estimated freight trips generated by residential units are also compared to the freight trips generated by business establishments. Results, although still preliminary and subject to uncertainty, indicate that freight trips generated by residential units have comparable magnitude as the freight trips generated by businesses. Such a study will supplement city logistics studies that traditionally focus on business behavior, helping reconstruct a complete picture of the freight activities in urban areas.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Citizen data is critical in making appropriate decisions by neighborhoods/residential units (RT/RW) and sub-districts. Therefore, citizen data must have a high level of validity. In Tiban Lama ...Sub-district, Batam City, at the RT/RW level, citizen data management is still done manually, so problems often occur such as inaccurate data, delays in updating data, limited data access, difficulties in analysis, and difficulties in data coordination, decision-making errors in determining social assistance recipients, and obstacles in data management at Integrated Service Centers (Posyandu). To overcome this problem, a web-based citizen data management application is needed, where residents can upload the required data through the application by attaching supporting documents and the data will be verified by the RT/RW. This application can help villages and RT/RW manage citizen data and make the right decisions for their citizens. Based on the implementation of the activity, a positive response was obtained from the Head of Tiban Lama Village and the RT/RW level of Tiban Lama regarding the use of web-based applications.
This paper concentrates on the concept of capsule architecture and its application. The study uses the definition of a capsule provided by previous studies as a basis and follows the common trend of ...reevaluation modernist practices with the focus on capsular designs from the 1930s and their modern successors. The paper aims to create a comprehensive view of the history of the development of capsule architecture and supports the idea of the continuous nature of such development. In order to achieve this study collects 265 cases of capsular buildings as well as separate capsule examples and inspects them from different aspects to observe major trends. The research showed that the concept of capsule architecture, despite being interpreted by architects in different ways, usually falls into three main categories which can be named ‘mental’, ‘growing’, and ‘mobile’ capsules. Some capsules’ design can utilize all of these categories, and, in principle, be claimed by an architect as a universal and flexible architectural tool. Also, the concept’s application directly reflects on capsules’ basic characteristics namely shape, function, materials, size, number of capsules per structure, and method of capsules’ arrangements. This helps to better classify capsules depending on their application and construct a capsule’s common image. Therefore, a capsule generally can have a rectangular and various custom-made shapes, bear mostly residential function, made of plastics or metal, and has a size of approximately fitting inside 3 to 7 m3 cube chosen as a tool of measurement due to a big number of custom-made shapes where it is difficult to obtain correct measurements. This is partly because capsules can have a shape allowing conglomeration with similar units, so a capsule can have joints, consoles, legs, etc. If capsules form a single structure, in the built examples this number tends not to exceed 50 units, while in the unbuilt section this number is more spread among different scales of capsular structures able to grow to thousands of units and entire capsular cities. Lastly, the method of capsules’ arrangement already well defined by previous studies and is as follows: (1) the capsules spreading on topography, (2) stackable, (3) plug-in, and, notably, (4) the capsules inserted inside a grid and which are the rarest type. The general characteristics of capsules allow demonstrating the common image of a capsule as a phenomenon in the architectural realm and showing the potential and usefulness of capsular designs over conventional architecture and serve as a basis for the further research onto capsule architecture.
Vernacular dwellings equipped with bioclimatic techniques, used to form low-rise high-density communities in most Asian regions, are of great value for the development of modern sustainable ...residential units. Natural ventilation is a major concern mainly because of its climate-related characteristics of improving indoor thermal comfort at extremely low ecological costs. Therefore, this study applies a comparative analysis coupled with field investigations and numerical simulations to the ventilation technologies of vernacular dwellings in different areas of China. Geometric prototypes of typical vernacular dwellings in six climate zones were generated based on field measurements. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were conducted in OpenFOAM with the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) modeling approach and the RNG k-ε turbulence model. A correlation analysis of the building elements and climate factors was also performed to determine the relevant parameters affecting ventilation performance. The results revealed different emphases and verified strategies for wind environment regulation based on different local climates. Six physical parameters, namely wind projection angle, orientation, wind inclination angle, window-to-wall ratio, top-to-bottom ratio, and height-to-width ratio of the atrium, are considered to be closely related to ventilation efficiency. The findings from the current research provide quantitative evidence of the effectiveness of natural ventilation technologies of vernacular dwellings and contribute to comprehensive knowledge for designing sustainable low-rise high-density residential units with optimum ventilation functions.
•Ventilation of China's vernacular dwellings is evaluated numerically.•Validated methods coupled with measurements and simulations are proposed.•Geometric prototypes are generated by measurements and statistical analysis.•Building's physical parameters correlated with ventilation are summarized.•This study enlightens sustainable low-rise high-density residential units.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In any urban planning and design project, Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of the site is a debatable factor across various stakeholders. China's increase of FAR for residential areas is one of the most ...remarkable cases of change of FAR in recent decades. China's urban residential projects have shifted away from low storey single-standing residential units to mid-storey mass housing projects and towards contemporary high-rise residential compounds. The changes in FAR are often very significant and is multiplied over the past few decades. In this study, FAR calculation of a meso-scale residential project located in the City of Ningbo (immediate inner city area) is put in place to shape the argument of renewable energy production and pathways towards energy use reductions. This study first elaborates on energy and policy implications of FAR. The study will then explore one example of a residential compound, based on four models of FAR (at 1, 2.5, 3 and 4). A comparison study is conducted using Eco-Tect software. All four models are analysed using their differences in heights and density. While FAR 1 is not suitable for the context of China (i.e. very low), FAR 3 and 4 are also considered to be high for energy-use reductions but are current practices. This paper argues these scenarios and concludes with impacts of FAR for energy production and reduction at meso scale.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The aim of this article is to design wind turbine PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell hybrid system in standalone area for Tehran, Mashhad, Manjil, and Zabol. According to importance of fuel ...cell role in output power fluctuation reduction of wind turbine and flexibility of hybrid system against changes of atmospheric conditions and fluctuations of consumption power, fuel cell and electrolysis with suitable power is selected in different numbers. In this research study, we have attempted to find out up to how many residential units, a wind turbine is able to meet the consumption power, and up to how many electrolysis and fuel cells are required for higher numbers of residential units. Providing consumption hydrogen by electrolysis and consumption power by hybrid system are design conditions of the system. Results indicate that the hybrid system is able to supply electrical energy for a few number of residential units in Tehran however, this number increases dramatically in Manjil and Zabol with 6,68 ,and 34 residential units respectively. In addition, hybrid system in Mashhad, due to poor wind speed, is not capable of meeting the demand. By increasing number of residential units, share of fuel cell increases in hybrid system. Also result shows that the capital cost of the hybrid system is approximately equal to the capital cost of combined-cycle power plant.
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