Energy routers are indispensable in deploying energy Internet for electric vehicles (EVs), which flexibly handle the power flow regulation. Combined with the excellent characteristic of wireless ...power transfer technology for noncontact energy transmission, this article proposes a novel wired/wireless hybrid multiport energy router (HMER) for future EV energy Internet. First, multiple bidirectional power ports are provided to control the power flow among the grid, various dc power sources, and EVs. Moreover, with grid-tied and islanded operations, the proposed HMER enables dynamic wireless energy exchange for EVs on the move. When moving along the energy exchange lane, the EVs can receive power from the HMER and conduct energy feedback, relieving mileage anxiety while creating economic benefits. Furthermore, a mathematical model of the system is derived, and a control algorithm is introduced to perform decoupled power control for each transceiver. Finally, a SIC experimental prototype is constructed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed HMER system. Experimental results prove the transceivers can get bidirectional wireless energy interconnection on the energy exchange lane in both grid-tied mode and islanded mode, and each transceiver can realize independent power regulation.
In recent years, there has been an exploration of innovative electric grid concepts centered around power routers, devices capable of controlling power flows as desired. One of which is the Power ...Router Grid, a novel high-controllable network design fully based on power routers. Its ability to arbitrarily change power flows inside controllable lines raises the challenge of determining the optimal operation within such systems. This paper aims to push further the analysis of the operation and benefits of such networks by proposing a novel optimization model tailored for power router grids based on the most recent literature for the convexification of optimal power flows. Moreover, it demonstrated that radial-based models can be expanded for grids meshed through power routers. The model presented is also convex in the form of a second-order cone, ensuring a global optimum for diverse grid configurations. It has been implemented in Python using the PYOMO modeling language and applied to three case studies investigating the effects of power router operation modes on the grid’s optimal operation and associated costs. Results show that the definition of the power router grid design and the ports operation mode must be carefully decided when demand uncertainty of over 25% is taken into consideration. Moreover, controlling power flow near lines of higher impedance can lead up to a 21% increase in line losses.
•A novel and linearized optimal power flow model for electric grids based on power routers.•Application of second-order cone convexification for grids meshed through power routers.•Analysis of the effects of the layout and power controllability in line losses inside the power router grid.•Implementation of the optimization model in pyomo.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Router Discovery (RD) which is the core component of Neighbour Discovery Protocols (NDP) plays key role in the IPv6 address assignment in the IPv6 network. Weakness in the standard Router Discovery ...protocol leads to several attacks in the IPv6 network. More and more attacks are initiated within network due to the existing vulnerabilities. Even though there are several detection, mitigation and prevention mechanism are already available but these mechanisms itself have issues such as highly complex, high cost and faces several other issues within the design itself. This paper proposed an improved Secure Router Discovery prevention mechanism that is lightweight, integrated and self-regulated that will overcome the issues with the existing prevention techniques. The primary focus of this paper would be discussion on the assumptions, threat model and design goals of the proposed mechanism. It also explains the proposed architecture, components of the building blocks of the architecture and the operation of this lightweight mechanism. Keywords: Router Discovery Vulnerabilities, Router Solicitation, Router Advertisement, Router Discovery Attacks, Secure Router Discovery Prevention Mechanism.
•Significance of digitalization and decentralization for transactive Energy Internet (EI).•A systematic overview on how IoT drives the interactive digitalization of transactive EI.•A systematic ...overview on how blockchain empowers the trusted decentralization of transactive EI.•Key infrastructures for implementing digitalization and decentralization of transactive EI.•Challenges and future trends for achieving complete transactive EI.
With the increasing access of renewable energy resources and fast ubiquitous connection of everything, the traditional one-way power flow from centralized generation to end consumers will give way to bidirectional-way power flow with multidirectional energy network among central grids and distributed prosumers. To empower the prosumer-centric Energy Internet (EI) and enhance the integration of energy-aware services, digitalization and decentralization are the key enablers to achieve transactive EI. This article presents a systematic overview on how Internet of Things (IoT) drives the digitalization of transactive EI and how blockchain empowers the decentralization of transactive EI. A comprehensive discussion on the key infrastructures is provided for presenting how to implement digitalization and decentralization of transactive EI, including the last mile “Advanced metering infrastructure” (AMI), renewables integrator “smart inverter”, energy flow adjuster “energy router”, and coordinator “Microgrid”. Challenges and future trends are discussed from an extensive point of view, including energy physical space, data cyber space and human social space.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This article presents a hybrid ac/dc system constructed by multiport energy routers (MERs), which have potential application prospects in future energy Internet. Two typical types of MER in the ...system are studied, and the selected main circuits are easy to realize multiple forms of power supply with high reliability, plug-and-play access of distributed generations, and high expansibility of power ports. The corresponding control and protection systems are developed to ensure the regular operation of MERs, and a smart energy management scheme is presented for the power flow management of MERs to meet the expectations of power consumers. Two MER prototypes are implemented, of which the experimental results validate the correctness of parameter design and the effectiveness of the control and energy management strategies, showing the satisfactory performance of MERs.
The concept of energy Internet (EI) is very promising due to its ability to integrate distributed generators and storage devices. Energy routers (ERs) enable highly efficient, reliable, and flexible ...power system operation. To dynamically control and optimize energy flow in EI, an extensive communication is required. Considering the diversity of generators and ERs, it is crucial that such communication is achieved in a standardized and interoperable way. In this paper, an improved energy routing algorithm and its impact in EI operation are demonstrated. Furthermore, a full communication solution is developed for ERs and their interaction with grid operator. This paper proposes an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 communication-based power routing algorithm in microgrids. Optimal selection of source and routing path is achieved according to the proposed algorithm and communicated to the ERs via IEC 61850 based communication. The effectiveness of the proposed IEC 61850 communication-based routing algorithm is verified on network emulation platform comprising of IEC 61850 emulator tools and network simulator tool.
We consider the economic dispatch (ED) for an Energy Internet composed of energy routers (ERs), interconnected microgrids, and main grid. The microgrid consists of several bus nodes associated with ...distributed generators (DGs) and intelligent control units (ICUs). We propose a distributed ED algorithm for the grid-connected microgrid, where each ICU iterates the estimated electricity price of the distribution system and the estimation for the average power mismatch of the whole microgrid by leader-following and average-consensus algorithms, respectively. The ER iterates the incremental power exchanged with the distribution system. By constructing an auxiliary consensus system, we prove that if the communication topology of the Energy Internet contains a spanning tree with the ER as the root and there is a path from each ICU to the ER, then the estimated electricity price of the distribution system converges to its real value, the power supply and demand achieves balance and the ED achieves optimal asymptotically. Furthermore, we propose an autonomous distributed ED algorithm covering both grid-connected and isolated modes of the microgrid by feeding back the estimated average power mismatch for updating the incremental costs with penalty factor. It is proved that if the communication topology of the microgrid is connected and there exists an ICU bidirectionally neighboring the ER, then the microgrid can switch between the two modes reliably. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Energy routers (ERs) are indispensable in deploying energy Internet for electric vehicles (EVs), which flexibly handle the power flow regulation. Combined with the excellent characteristic of ...wireless power transfer (WPT) technology for non-contact energy transmission, this paper proposes a novel wired/wireless hybrid multi-port energy router (HMER) for future EV energy Internet. First, multiple bidirectional power ports are provided to control the power flow among the grid, various DC power sources, and EVs. Moreover, with grid-tied and islanded operations, the proposed HMER enables dynamic wireless energy exchange for EVs on the move. When moving along the energy exchange lane, the EVs can receive power from the HMER and conduct energy feedback, relieving mileage anxiety while creating economic benefits. Further, a mathematical model of the system is derived, and a control algorithm is introduced to perform decoupled power control for each transceiver. Finally, a SIC experimental prototype is constructed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed HMER system. Experimental results prove the transceivers can get bidirectional wireless energy interconnection on the energy exchange lane in both grid-tied mode and islanded mode, and each transceiver can realize independent power regulation.
The efficiency of the multi-priority queue scheduling of the satellite-borne router determines the latency quality of service (QoS) guarantee capability of the traffic frame. However, the existing ...scheduling methods do not consider the impact of the traffic arrival rates of multi-priority queues on the queuing latency of different priority queues, which results in a low QoS guarantee ratio. Therefore, we construct an multi-priority scheduling model of satellite-borne routers and a performance optimization problem of the latency QoS guarantee. In the solving process, the intractable nonconvex primal optimization problem is subtly reformulated into a tractable knapsack problem with convex constraints. On this basis, we propose a priority programming algorithm to optimize the traffic arrival rates, which achieves the optimality. The simulation results verify that our algorithm can effectively and rapidly converge to the optimal solution, and achieve a 30% performance gain in terms of the QoS guarantee ratio.
With a large number of devices and a wealth of user data sets, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become a great host for federated learning (FL). At the same time, the massive amount of user data in ...IoT results in desperate demand for privacy preserving. The onion router (Tor) is a promising method to solve the privacy issue in IoT-based FL by user anonymity. However, IoT devices' resource is too limited to execute the cryptographic operations in Tor. Moreover, network traffics in Tor can be easily controlled by malicious routers with a fake high self-reported bandwidth. In this article, taking advantage of the Tor, we will introduce an anonymous FL framework in IoT called FedTor. To decrease the cryptographic cost in conventional Tor, we propose a lightweight shared key generation scheme for resource-limited IoT devices. Furthermore, we use the difference between the self-reported bandwidth and the bandwidth observed from others to measure the reputation of onion routers. A reputation-based router selection (RBRS) scheme is then brought up to defend traffic control from malicious routers. We conducted extensive simulations to compare FedTor with related works. The results show that the RBRS scheme can decrease the malicious rate of onion routers and the lightweight shared key has a cost advantage over other schemes.
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