Rutin, a flavonoid glycoside, has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. Loss of endogenous estrogen and dysregulation of the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway are associated with the ...increased risk of stroke in women after menopause. This study was performed to investigate whether rutin could protect against cerebral ischemia by modulating the ER pathway. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were given intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide), rutin (100 mg/kg body mass) or 17β-estradiol (100 μg/kg body mass) for 5 consecutive days. Then, the rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h followed by a 24 h reperfusion to establish the cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. We found that rutin improved the sensorimotor performance and recognition memory of rats subjected to I/R, decreased the infarct size, and attenuated neuron loss. Rutin treatment also increased the levels of ERα, ERβ, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), TrkB, and phospho-cAMP-responsive element binding protein (p-CREB) in rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The protective effects of rutin were comparable to that of 17β-estradiol, and were partially blocked by ICI182780, an ER antagonist. The above results suggest that rutin preconditioning ameliorates cerebral I/R injury in OVX rats through ER-mediated BDNF–TrkB and NGF–TrkA signaling.
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Quercetin exhibits numerous pharmacological effects, including the capacity for cardioprotection. This study aimed to investigate whether quercetin or its glycoside derivative rutin has any ...protective action against isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiac fibrosis, and investigate the structure–activity relationship. Male Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with ISO (15 mg·(kg body mass)
−1
) to induce experimental cardiac fibrosis. The cardioprotective effect of co-treatment with quercetin (25 or 50 mg·kg
−1
) or rutin (25 or 50 mg·kg
−1
) was investigated in ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats. The administration of quercetin and rutin signifcantly decreased the cardiac weight index and myocardial enzyme activity, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in the serum, and inhibited the ISO-induced increase in angiotensin II and aldosterone in the plasma. Furthermore, overexpression of transforming growth factor β
1
(TGF-β
1
), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in isoproterenol-treated myocardial tissues were normalized by quercetin and rutin. Our results suggest that both quercetin and rutin exhibited cardioprotective effects in cardiac fibrosis induced by ISO in the rat heart. Moreover, the effects of rutin are weaker than quercetin at the same dose. The mechanism of these effects may be related to antioxidative stress, inhibition of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, decrease in the expression of TGF-β
1
and CTGF, and the subsequent reduction in the deposition of the ECM.
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The hypothesis that oral supplementation with the flavonoid rutin improves baroreflex sensitivity and vascular reactivity in hypertensive (2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C)) rats was tested. Sixty-four rats ...were divided in 4 groups: sham + saline; sham + rutin; 2K1C + saline, and 2K1C + rutin. Six weeks after 2K1C surgery, the animals were treated with saline or rutin (40 mg·kg
−1
·day
−1
) by gavage for 7 days. Baroreflex sensitivity test using phenylephrine (8 μg·kg
−1
, iv) and sodium nitroprusside (25 μg·kg
−1
, iv), vascular reactivity, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay were performed. Baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive rats was impaired and compared with sham (−2.77 ± 0.15 vs. –1.53 ± 0.27 beats·min
−1
·mm Hg
−1
; n = 8; p < 0.05). Oral supplementation with rutin restored baroreflex sensitivity in 2K1C rats (−2.40 ± 0.24 vs. –2.77 ± 0.15 beats·min
−1
·mm Hg
−1
; n = 8; p > 0.05). Besides, hypertensive rats have greater contraction to phenylephrine (129.49% ± 4.46% vs. 99.50% ± 11.36%; n = 8; p < 0.05), which was restored by rutin (99.10% ± 1.77% vs. 99.50% ± 11.36%; n = 8; p > 0.05). Furthermore, vasorelaxation to acetylcholine was diminished in hypertensive rats (96.42% ± 2.80% vs. 119.35% ± 5.60%; n = 8; p < 0.05), which was also restored by rutin (117.55% ± 6.94% vs. 119.35% ± 5.60%; n = 8; p > 0.05). Finally, oxidative stress was greater in hypertensive rats (1.54 ± 0.12 vs. 0.53 ± 0.12 nmol MDA·mL
−1
; n = 8; p < 0.05) and rutin supplementation significantly decreased oxidative stress in those animals (0.70 ± 0.13 vs. 1.54 ± 0.12 nmol MDA·mL
−1
; n = 8; p < 0.05). We concluded that oral supplementation with rutin restores impaired baroreflex sensitivity and vascular reactivity in hypertensive rats by decreasing oxidative stress.
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Whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi augment the nutraceutical quality of crops under salt stress is critical as a potential agronomic practice in salinized farmland. To evaluate the effect of ...Rhizoglomus irregulare on the nutraceutical quality of Lycium barbarum leaves under salt stress, we analyzed growth parameters and the rutin, polysaccharide, acidic polysaccharide, and amino acids contents of 2 harvests. Inoculation of R. irregulare significantly increased the regenerated bud number (partial eta squared (PES) = 0.577, P < 0.0001) and rutin concentration (PES = 0.544, P < 0.001) of L. barbarum leaves, with and without salt stress. The biomass of the 2nd harvest (PES = 0.355, P = 0.0091) and acidic polysaccharide (PES = 0.518, P = 0.001) of L. barbarum leaves were notably enhanced by R. irregulare under 200 mmol/L salt level. Rhizoglomus irregulare had insignificant effect on polysaccharide (PES = 0.092, P = 0.221) and amino acids levels (PES = 0.263, P = 0.130) in the leaves of L. barbarum. However, inoculation by R. irregulare decreased proline level (PES = 0.761, P = 0.001) in the leaves of L. barbarum when subjected to salt stress. Taken together, these results indicate that R. irregulare significantly improved the nutraceutical quality and facilitated the sustainable production of L. barbarum leaves exposed to salt stress.
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In this study, we explored the effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos (AM) on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and insulin downstream signalling in rats given fructose (15%) in drinking ...water from weaning to adulthood. Wistar albino rats (4 weeks old) were randomly divided into normal control (NC), fructose control (FC), and treatment (AMT) groups and were fed for a period of 8 weeks the following diets: chow + water, chow + fructose (15%), and chow + fructose (15%) + AM (500 mg/kg per day, p.o.), respectively. Compared with the NC group, the FC group was found to have significantly (p < 0.05) raised levels of fasting blood glucose, lipid, visceral mass, plasma insulin and leptin, glycogen, and gluconeogenesis enzyme but decreased glycolytic enzyme activity. Raised levels of glucose transporter 2 protein but decreased activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) and Janus kinase – signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK–STAT3) in hepatic tissue indicate a state of insulin and leptin resistance in the FC group. A significant (p < 0.05) lowering of physical and glycemic parameters, strengthening of the hepatic glycolytic pathway over the gluconeogenic pathway, and upregulation of the PI3K/Akt and JAK–STAT3 pathways was observed in the AMT group, as compared with the FC group. For the first time, the mechanism underlying the development of insulin resistance syndrome is delineated here, along with the potential of A. marmelos to impede it.
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6.
Quantitative analysis of rutin content using silkworm genetic resources Ju, W.T., National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea; Kim, K.Y., National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea; Sung, G.B., National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea ...
International Journal of Industrial Entomology,
12/2015, Volume:
31, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Rutin is an important bioflavonoid that is consumed in the daily diet. This study compared the functional components of rutin from various silkworm species using a gene database with those of rutin ...produced by silkworms selectively bred through cross-combinations. We made comparisons between the geographical origin and species of silkworm using a gene database and discovered that rutin activity was ranked in the following order by species, Chinese (C5) miscellaneous varieties (Jamsaeng 1 Ho) Japanese (Jam 115) European (E58) Korean (Sun 3 ho). However, rutin levels with respect to various genetic traits (blood color, silk color, and egg color) were consistent. In order to study rutin changes that occurred during the cross breeding of the silkworm gene, we bred cross-combinations utilizing Jam 115 and the 4051 silkworms. In conclusion, in order to provide information about the constituents of functional materials contained in silkworm powder, it is imperative that silkworm cross breeding occurs so that the database of functional materials extracted from silkworms will expand.
We Examined The Contribution of Polyphenols To The Antioxidative Activity In The Grains of Common Buckwheat "Hitachi Akisoba" (H) and "Kanto No.1" (K) and In Those of Tartary Buckwheat "Rotundatum" ...(R) and "Pontivy" (P). The Antioxidative Activity In The 80% Ethanol Extracts Was 16.4 and 15.3 딀Mol-Trolox G-
1
Dw In H and K, Respectively, and 52.9 and 57.4 µMOL-TROLOX G-
1
Dw In R and P, Respectively. These Extracts Were Analyzed By Hplc. In Common Buckwheat, (-)-Epicatechin, (-)-Epicatechingallate, and Rutin Were Confirmed. The (-)-Epicatechin Content Was 20.2 and 15.6 Mg 100 G-
1
Dw, and Those of Rutin Were 13.6 and 12.2 Mg 100 G-
1
Dw In H and K, Respectively. (-)-Epicatechin Accounted For About 13 and 11% of The Total Antioxidative Activity In H and K, Respectively, and Rutin About 2% In Both Varieties. Since Each Polyphenol Accounted For Only About One Fifth of The Total Antioxidative Activity, The Existence of Unknown Antioxidants Was Suggested. In Tartary Buckwheat, Rutin Quercitrin, and Quercetin Were Confirmed. The Rutin Content Was 1808.7 and 1853.8 Mg 100 G-
1
Dw, In R and P, Respectively. Rutin Accounted For About 90 and 85% of The Total Antioxidative Activity In R and P, Respectively. Accordingly, Rutin Appears To Be The Major Antioxidant In Tartary BuckwheaT.
Buckwheat is introduced into the diet as an alternative crop of renewed interest due to its nutritive and health-promoting value. Experiments with animal models have demonstrated that buckwheat flour ...may alleviate diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. A number of nutraceutical compounds exist in buckwheat grains and other tissues. These are a rich source of starch, proteins, antioxidants, and dietary fibre as well as trace elements. The biological value (BV) of buckwheat proteins is comparable to BV of other protein sources. Besides high-quality proteins, buckwheat grains contain some components with prophylactic value: flavonoids, fagopyrins, or thiamin-binding proteins. For the food industry, buckwheat grains are a valuable raw material to be used for the production of functional foods. Buckwheat flour may be a valuable and important ingredient in diets or food products, taking into consideration its nutritive value and potential promotion of human health.
Extract yield of tartary buckwheat treated with water, 70% ethanol or methanol were about 13.6%, 7.0% and 6.6%, respectively. Extract yield was greatly increased by the treatment of α-amylase ...indicating 95.1% yield. RC∧50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity with methanol and 70% ethanol extracts were 34.0 ㎍/mL, 40.5 ㎍/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity increased when it was treated with β-glucosidase and cellulase, showing RC∧50 value of 24.7 ㎍/mL and 25.0 ㎍/mL, respectively. In ABTS radical scavenging activity, methanol extract (100 ㎍/mL) showed 30% inhibition. In DPPH or ABTS radical scavenging activities, the treatment of β-glucanase and α-amylase shows the highest and the lowest activities, respectively. In α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, 70% ethanol extract showed RC∧50 value of 59.9 ㎍/mL, but water extract was not inhibitory effective. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effect was the highest in multi enzyme treatment. Content of rutin and quercetin in methanol extract showed higher value with 4400.3 mg% and 71.9 mg%, respectively. The 70% ethanol extract of buckwheat contained rutin of 3459.8 mg% and quercetin of 56.9 mg%. In the treatment of β-glucanase, the rutin content of ethanol extract increased with 5057.4 mg% and multi-enzyme treatment resulted in the modification of rutin glycoside.
The various organs of the Polish cultivars of buckwheat were evaluated for their flavonoid content (rutin, quercetin, (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin) and for their phenolic acid content ...(chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, and gallic acids) to test their contribution to buckwheat allelopathic activity. The main compound found in the above-ground organs of buckwheat was rutin, followed by chlorogenic acid, and then (-)-epicatechin. The allelopathic activity, based on the specific activity of the identified compounds on lettuce seedling growth, was evaluated. Gallic acid had the highest specific activity and quercetin had the lowest. The specific activity of rutin was at the medium level compared to the other examined compounds, but as a consequence of its high concentration, its total activity was very high. The growth inhibitory effects of the aqueous extracts of the buckwheat leaves and inflorescences were higher than that of the stems. The higher inhibitory activity of the extracts compared to the leaves and inflorescences was explained by the high presence of rutin in them. Therefore, based on the total activity, as calculated by its concentration and its growth inhibitory effect, it seems that rutin, among the other tested compounds, is the major allelochemical in Polish buckwheat.
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