Biolubricant is a biopolymer that can be used as a base oil in a variety of applications such as biomass and bioenergy. Hence, the objective of this paper is the production and characterization of ...biolubricant from Cassia sieberiana (Decandole) seed oil via two step transesterification reaction between methylesters and trimethylolpropane (TMP) at a molar ratio of 3.5: 1 with a catalyst of 0.8 % w/w of the total reactant at a temperature of 120 C for 2:30 hrs with a percentage yield of 93%. The physicochemical properties of the produced oil were determined by FTIR spectrum and GC-MS analysis. The viscosity (at 40 and 100) are 44.20 cSt and 7.82 cSt with pour point (-9 C), and viscosity index (148.04 cSt) respectively. The GCMS analysis revealed the fatty acid composition of the based oil as palmitic acid, linoleic acid, lineolaidic acid, stearic acid, and that of the biolubricant: methyl oleate, 2-hydroxyl ethyl esters, and 22-tricosenoic acid with other traces of methyl ester. The analysis of the FTIR for the TMP triesters shows superior thermal and oxidative stability due to the ester functional group present. The produced oil was found to confirm with ISOVG viscose grade 32 and 46 for gear oil and other low temperature applications.
The objective of this study was to extract oils from seeds and seed shells of Trichilia dregeana growing in Ethiopia. The oils were extracted using Soxhlet extraction technique and an organic solvent ...(n-hexane). The yields of the oils were in the range of 39.64-55.4%. The physicochemical properties of the oils such as density, acid value, saponification value and peroxide values were 0.8 ± 0.004 -0.84±0.014g/mL, 0.039±0.004 -5.667 mg KOH/g, 75.82±0.0 - 102.01±0.0 mg KOH/g and 0.01±0.01-0.0182±0.0, respectively. The results showed that all the observed physicochemical data of the oil products to be consistent with literature reported data for oils from seed crops and seeds of Trichilia species. GC-MS analyses also showed that all the oils contain palmitic acid (14-69%). Oleic acid and Linoleic acids were also found in different amounts. Elaidic acid was found (86%) only in one seed shell extract. Soaps were prepared using the extracted oils and alkali solution via saponification process. The properties of the soaps were found to be 9.10-9.81, 8-25.5% and 0.373-0.682 for pH, moisture contents and total alkali contents, respectively. These data and the data for foam and cleaning abilities of the prepared soaps were found to be in the acceptable limit. The results also suggested that Trichilia dregeana seeds and seed shells are rich in oils. High yields of oils from seeds and seed shells suggest their future potential in soap making and also as inputs for biofuel production. This could have significant contribution to economy of a given community where the plant grows in abundance.
The leather tanning industry is one of the most polluting industries because it generates a gigantic amount of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste. Solid wastes are raw trimmings, fleshings, chrome ...shavings, buffing clouds of dust, and keratin wastes. Flesh wastes are generated from tanneries during leather processing, especially in sheep liming. These skin-flesh wastes from tanneries contain significant fat content, which is being wasted and dumped in open areas or at dumping sites. As a result, this flesh waste disposal has created a major environmental problem. This research aims to extract a sustainable functional substance that can be used for imparting aesthetic properties (polishing) to a leather product. In this research, a calculated amount of flesh waste was washed, de-limed, and cut into small pieces for solvent extraction of fat using the Soxhlet apparatus and hexane as solvent. Chemical analysis of the extracted fat showed a saponification value ranging from 189 to 192. These values indicate that extracted fat has a triglyceride, which can be used as a lubricant. However, when the extracted fat was applied to leather products like shoes, the surface showed an increase in their aesthetic properties (lustre, and gloss) giving excellent polishing results. The acid and saponification value, fat content, melting point, density, and viscosity of extracted fat showed stability making it a promising substance to impart functionality for leather products and usage as a polishing material. The extracted fat could replace synthetic, functional, and polishing materials overcoming the environmental challenges posed by the leather tanning process.
Biodiesel is a very promising alternative fuel that has its place in the future energy mix. The dependence of fuel properties on fatty acids profile will influence the choice of feedstock or ...appropriate treatment that it should undergo in order to respect biodiesel standards. The objective of this study is to find models that predict biodiesel’s viscosity, density, flash point, higher heating value, and oxidative stability based on saponification value, Iodine value and the polyunsaturated fatty acids content of feedstock. Biodiesel samples were produced from seventeen different blends of oils. Multiple linear regressions were used to obtain models. High accuracy prediction was obtained for density and higher heating value with prediction errors <5%, a very good accuracy was obtained for viscosity with error <10% and flash point and oxidative stability were predicted with a fair accuracies (error < 15%) which indicates a good correlation level with IV, SV and Polyinsaturations but it also reveals that other parameters could also interfere and should be taken in consideration to reach acceptable accuracy.
•17 biodiesel samples derived from 7 oils and their mixtures.•Multiple regressions used to predict biodiesel properties.•Iodine value, saponification value and polyunsaturated fatty acids as input variables.•Polyunsaturated fatty acids effect significantly on oxidative stability and density.•Weak correlation between flash point and fatty acids profile.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•The percentage of palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids was higher than previously published data.•Caprylic and behenic acids were also found in this rice bran oil, which was not reported in the ...previous work.•The oleic acid content is significant compared to other edible oils.•The yield of extracted oil from the bran is much higher.•The bran is a good source of protein.
The rice bran (BRRI 28) and the bran oil of north Bengal have not been studied previously. The yield of the oil extracted from the bran was much higher (20.30 %) than some previously reported data. The fatty acid analysis by GC-FID found that the percentage of palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids was higher than previously published data. Caprylic and behenic acids were also found in this rice bran oil, which was not reported in the previous work. The oleic acid content of the bran oil in this study was found to be 35.69 %, which is higher than other edible oils. The nutritional value of the bran such as carbohydrates, fats, fiber, and protein content was 38.78 %, 20.30 %, 1.42 %, and 9.45 % respectively. Moisture and ash content were found at 9.49 % and 20.5 % respectively. The important minerals were found like Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, Na, etc. The higher saponification (110.13 mg KOH/g) value of the oil indicated that it could be used as raw materials in good quality soap. The low iodine (46.25 I2/100 g) value of the oil indicated that it was stable and could be used for cooking purposes. This research recommends this rice bran as a prominent nutritive byproduct.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•The distribution of Al3+ and hydroxyl polymeric aluminum ions was investigated.•The best pH value was about 3.0 at initial aluminum concentration 0.15mol/L.•It was easier to remove aluminum from ...solutions with low aluminum concentration.•Another operating approach is suggested.
The present research investigates the effect of aluminum ions distribution on the removal of aluminum from rare earth solutions using saponified naphthenic acid. The effect of extraction type on the extraction rate of aluminum and rare earth was studied and the results indicated that aluminum influences the purity of rare earth seriously. For the removal of aluminum, the distribution fractions of aluminum ions and hydroxyl polymeric aluminum ions at different pH value at 0.15mol/L initial aluminum concentration were calculated by MATLAB software. The plot of distribution fraction of aluminum ions and hydroxyl polymeric aluminum ions with pH value are obtained. Based on these, the effect of pH value and saponification value on the extraction of aluminum and rare earth were studied. The results show that the extraction rate of aluminum was highest at pH value 3.0 at initial aluminum concentration 0.15mol/L in the absence of emulsification. This is consistent with the distribution of aluminum ions and hydroxyl polymeric aluminum ions. For the solutions containing low aluminum concentration, it is easy to separate aluminum from rare earth at 0.3–0.5 saponification value at pH value 3.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
It is a common practice to use oils extracted from fruits seeds for soap making. The oils are non-edible to avoid food competition. The objective of the present study was to assess the possibility of ...preparing a soap of acceptable quality from oils extracted from seeds of Avocado and Mango. The ground Avocado and Mango seeds were subjected to Soxhlet extraction technique using n-hexane as an organic solvent. The oil yield of 2.43% and 1.32% were obtained for Avocado seed and Mango seed samples, respectively. The analyses of the physicochemical properties such as saponification value, acid value, percent free fatty acid, and relative density were found to be 25.245 and 84.15, 30.86 and 30.85, 6.26 and 6.26, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, and the data were in favor of utilization of the oils in soap making. Moreover, the blends of extracted Avocado and Mango seed oils in a 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3 ratios (by mass) revealed Saponification values of 151.47, 162.69, 214.62, respectively; total fatty matter contents of 59±1.41, 63 ± 1.41, 67±1.41, respectively; total alkali contents of 1.44 ± 0.03, 1.715 ± 0.08, 1.77 ± 0.13, respectively. The pH values of soaps prepared from the two oils and their blends were found to be in the range of 9.6-10.15. The data are comparable to commercial soaps and also suggest that the prepared soaps from the extracted oils can be used for cleaning purpose without any harm on human skin.
In this study, both edible (coconut oil, palm oil, groundnut oil, and rice bran oil) and non-edible oils (pongamia, neem and cotton seed oil) were used to optimize the biodiesel production process ...variables like catalyst concentration, amount of methanol required for reaction, reaction time and reaction temperature. The fuel properties like specific gravity, moisture content, refractive index, acid value, iodine number, saponification value and peroxide value were estimated. Based on the cetane number and iodine value, the methyl esters obtained from palm and coconut oils were not suitable to use as biodiesel in cold weather conditions, but for hot climate condition biodiesel obtained from the remaining oil sources is suitable.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. (Dhaincha) is a member of family Fabaceae spread over several countries in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Sesbania aculeata, Sesbania drummondii, ...Sesbania grandiflora, Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania sesban, and Sesbania speciosa are other members of this family. The agricultural, nutritional and pharmaceutical applications of Sesbania species are known to farmers, villagers, and the tribes since ages and are well studied by researchers. However, the significance of Sesbania as an industrial crop has not been recognized till now. The objective of this study was extraction and characterization of Sesbania cannabina seed oil (SCSO) for potential engineering applications. The seed oil was extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet extractor. Yield was only 2.32% w/w due to long storage at high temperature in seed house. Sesbania cannabina seed oil methyl ester (SCSOME) was prepared via esterification and transesterification for analysis of fatty acid composition of extracted oil. SCSO has high iodine value (118 g I2/100 g) and high saponification value (185.79 mg KOH/g) making the oil suitable for use as candle stocks or in soap making. However, these applications were ruled out on account of being insignificant for oil available in limited quantity. The oil has high viscosity index (174.19), high onset (382°C) and offset (450°C) decomposition temperatures, endothermic nature, and shear rate thickening behaviour. These properties make SCSO a good candidate for application as specialty lubricant required under severe operating conditions of high temperature and high shear rate or as insulating and cooling transformer oil.
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