Energy security is a prime focus of policy makers to support agriculture, industrialisation, and transportation. Due to limited conventional energy sources, there is a need to harness ...non-conventional energy sources. In this regard, one of the proposed approaches is using biomass (e.g. energy crops) to produce biofuel—a renewable source of energy. Sunflower has several agronomic features to be exploited for a renewable, non-conventional, and environment-friendly source of bioenergy. Sulphur (S) fertilisation holds key for realising sunflower potential for seed and oil yield. In response to variable S supply rates, here we compared and quantified sunflower yield (seed, oil, and biodiesel) and biodiesel quality according to the ASTM international standards. We used a combined approach of field experimentation and rigorous lab analysis. Firstly, in a field experiment laid out in randomised complete block design with split-plot arrangement, response of two local sunflower hybrids (FH-331 and FH-689) to four S supply rates (0, 25, 50, 75 kg S ha
−1
) was evaluated in terms of agronomic traits. Experimental data showed that fertilisation of S significantly influenced growth and yield (seed, oil) traits; the response was different between two hybrids which also interacted with S supply rate. FH-331 recorded the highest achene yield at S fertilisation of 75 kg S ha
−1
, whereas FH-689 recorded the highest achene yield at 50 kg ha
−1
; achene yield of FH-331 was 13.6% higher than FH-689. Compared to control, S at 75 kg S ha
−1
increased oil yield of FH-331 by 22% whereas S at 50 kg ha
−1
increased oil yield by 23% of FH-689. Seed samples were analysed for different biodiesel quality parameters. The ranges of all quality parameters of sunflower biodiesel such as viscosity, calorific values, acid value, iodine value, saponification value, cetane number, and pour point were in ASTM standard range. We conclude that sunflower is a promising and sustainable option for producing biodiesel, the potential of which can be increased by optimal S management under field conditions.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Mango seed kernel oil was extracted by Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) with ethanol and n-hexane as extraction solvents. To optimize the extraction condition for SE, ...the temperature was set to 90°C for ethanol and 80°C for n-hexane with varying solvent-to-feed ratios (S/F ratio) of 75/12, 75/10, and 60/6 mL/g. As for MAE, the same S/F ratios were considered. Extraction was done for 5, 10, and 15 minutes with microwave power levels of 120 and 240 W. It was found out that the highest yield per extraction process for SE was: 18.00±0.25 % and 9.38±2.03 % using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively; and 6.69±0.05 % and 4.68±0.06 %using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively for MAE. It was also noted that MAE, with the microwave power level of 120 W has less extraction time for about 15 minutes as compared to SE of 8 hours. Also, the best S/F ratio in this study is 60/6 for all processes. In oil quality determination, the oil extracted was examined through several tests such as FTIR, GC-MS, acid value, % FFA, iodine value, saponification value, and melting point. It was noted that oil extracted in ethanol has a better yield compared to that of n-hexane but the oil extracted using n-hexane would provide superior quality.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Chemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil Marina, A. M; Che Man, Y. B; Nazimah, S. A. H ...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society,
April 2009, Volume:
86, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A study on the commercial virgin coconut oil (VCO) available in the Malaysian and Indonesian market was conducted. The paper reported the chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of VCO. ...There was no significant difference in lauric acid content (46.64-48.03%) among VCO samples. The major triacylglycerols obtained for the oils were LaLaLa, LaLaM, CLaLa, LaMM and CCLa (La, lauric; C, capric; M, myristic). Iodine value ranged from 4.47 to 8.55, indicative of only few unsaturated bond presence. Saponification value ranged from 250.07 to 260.67 mg KOH/g oil. The low peroxide value (0.21-0.57 mequiv oxygen/kg) signified its high oxidative stability, while anisidine value ranged from 0.16 to 0.19. Free fatty acid content of 0.15-0.25 was fairly low, showing that VCO samples were of good quality. All chemical compositions were within the limit of Codex standard for edible coconut oil. Total phenolic contents of VCO samples (7.78-29.18 mg GAE/100 g oil) were significantly higher than refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) coconut oil (6.14 mg GAE/100 g oil). These results suggest that VCO is as good as RBD coconut oil in chemical properties with the added benefit of being higher in phenolic content.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this paper, typical failures of major engine machinery component’s are analyzed using the knowledge of oil analysis. Information of elements obtained from oil analysis and related details, using ...the practical knowledge, is used for; analysis of oil thickening, low viscosity analysis, framing decision, maintenance scheduling and diagnostic procedure. Accordingly, systematic procedure is framed using knowledge of different oil elements; viz. Lead, Tin, Copper, Chromium, Silicon, Aluminum and Iron in the context of the corrective action. Poor atomization of diesel fuel related causes are briefed. Novel metal ceramic additives of Vanadium (V) and Titanium (Ti), developed using sol–gel method are detailed and preliminary results are presented with and without additives incorporated in used ester oil with key focus on lowering total acid number (TAN) and saponification value. Density & viscosity are investigated too. One of the key novelty of the work is developing blends of V-Ti (fine powder form) at low temperature safely & inexpensively by using Metal Nitrate (new reactions as a result) as against traditional metal alkoxide in the sol gel method and utilizing them to reduce TAN and saponification of used oil. Developed procedure and ceramics will be useful for practicing engineers, scientists in reducing maintenance, making sustainable product, reducing pollution and new system design using novel materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Largely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, avocado (Persea
americana Mill) contains 3 – 30% of oil in its pulp, depending on the variety. This study
profiled the quality ...attributes of oil obtained from ‘Hass’ avocado cultivar using the cold
press method of extraction. Physicochemical properties of saponification value (SV), acid
value (AV), percentage free fatty acid (FFA) and colour were determined for the extracted
oil samples. Sensory analysis was conducted to determine consumer acceptability of the
‘Hass’ avocado oil extract. Results of the analysis showed a significant difference
(p<0.05) in the SV, AV and FFA of the avocado oil extract. A significant difference was
also found to exist in the L* and a* colour properties of the extracted oil. On the
determination of the organoleptic properties, it was observed that consumers displayed a
higher preference for commercial pure avocado oil than the extracted oil used in this
study, although extracted ‘Hass’ avocado oil exhibited higher physicochemical properties
when compared to commercial pure avocado oil.
The reprint provides an overview of recent applications of both chemometrics and spectrometric techniques to target current issues associated with food authenticity, traceability, as well as modern ...approaches on the analysis of food ingredients and products.
The reprint provides an overview of recent applications of both chemometrics and spectrometric techniques to target current issues associated with food authenticity, traceability, as well as modern ...approaches on the analysis of food ingredients and products.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel consisting of alkyl esters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. The properties of biodiesel depend on the type of vegetable oil used for the ...transesterification process. The objective of the present work is to theoretically predict the iodine value and the saponification value of different biodiesels from their fatty acid methyl ester composition. The fatty acid ester compositions and the above values of different biodiesels were taken from the available published data. A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict the iodine value and saponification value of different biodiesels. The predicted results showed that the prediction errors were less than 3.4% compared to the available published data. The predicted values were also verified by substituting in the available published model which was developed to predict the higher heating values of biodiesel fuels from their iodine value and the saponification value. The resulting heating values of biodiesels were then compared with the published heating values and reported.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Despite widespread and its local available as a naturalized hedge and shade plant, the potential of Trichilia emetica was not utilized in soap making by the majority of local community in various ...parts of Dodoma, Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the quantity (yields) and quality (Acid Values (AVs), %Free Fatty Acids (%FFAs) and Saponification Values (SVs) of seed oil from water plant (T. emetica), suitable for soap making application. Solvent extraction method was used during oil extraction, where by 50gm of preheated and powdered seed materials were immersed in 250 ml of n-hexane in 1:5 (w/v) to dissolve the oil contained in the seed cake. The oil was collected by vaporizing solvent out through Rotary evaporation at 60 °C. Also standard titration methods were used to obtain SVs, AVs and %FFAs of the extracted oil. Results showed that T. emetica seeds contained higher quantity of oil (48.4%−50.2%) than many reported commercial plant seed oils. Also, the study found higher AV (7.4 mgKOH/g−7.8 mgKOH/g), %FFA (3.7% to 3.9%) and SVs (189.5 mgKOH/g − 191.4 mgKOH/g) than the maximum acceptable limits of 0.50 mg KOH/g, 0.020% and 175 mgKOH/g − 187 mgKOH/g prescribed by ASTM standards (2002). The obtained results showed that, T. emetica seeds yielded high oil quantity with low qualities due to higher levels of acidity. But high SVs guarantees the possibility of using T. emetica seed oil in soap making. However, the oil requires purification in order to bring levels of acidity to acceptable standards and guarantee its normal use in soap making.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Simple, rapid, and reproducible methods for determining the acid value (AV), peroxide
value (PV), and saponification value (SV) of patin fish oil (PFO) were developed using
Fourier Transform Infrared ...(FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics of
Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Square (PLS). The relationship
between actual values was determined using AOCS method and predicted value was
determined with FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. From the validation work, the
high coefficient of determination (R2
) reached up to > 0.99. This study concluded that by
means of FTIR spectra that combined with PCR and PLS technique can be used to
determine AV, PV, and SV of PFO.
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