Investigating Layer-2 Scalability Solutions for Blockchain Applications Mandal, Mahen; Chishti, Mohd Sameen; Banerjee, Amit
2023 IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing & Communications, Data Science & Systems, Smart City & Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys),
2023-Dec.-17
Conference Proceeding
Scalability is one of the trilemma of blockchain technology that hinders its adoption for large-scale decentralized applications (dApps). Researchers have proposed several layer-1 and layer-2 ...solutions to address the issue. This paper focuses on layer-2 solutions or protocols operating on top of the primary blockchain to enhance scalability. Previous works surveying these solutions mainly focused on a particular layer-2 solution, like rollup, or a specific application, such as smart manufacturing. However, in this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of layer-2 scalability solutions, such as state channels, side-chain, and rollup, from the perspectives of various functional requirements of block chain applications. More precisely, the goal is to evaluate the applicability of the layer-2 scalability solutions in terms of the application patterns that depict the transactional dependencies, interoperability, decentralization, and security. To further illustrate these features, the paper evaluates the applicability of the layer-2 solutions on the case studies of major blockchain applications, including supply chain management and healthcare. Our analysis suggests that in terms of throughput, application pattern is the most crucial aspect in selecting the scaling solutions, in conjecture with other features as per the application demand.
A Scalable Blockchain Consensus Model Khan, Dodo; Jung, Low Tang; Hashmani, Manzoor Ahmed
2021 International Conference on Computer & Information Sciences (ICCOINS),
2021-July-13
Conference Proceeding
Blockchain is a distributed immutable ledger supporting strong secure transactions across various nodes in a Blockchain network after the mutual consensus of all the nodes in the associated network. ...Blockchain technology is the foundation technology of various crypto currencies. However, it has the potential to contribute to several mission-critical applications (MCA) or real-time applications such as Healthcare, e-Voting, Government Regulatory to securely regulate business processes or to identify any fictitious business transaction. Unfortunately, Blockchain implementations in MCAs are still being challenged by rigorous requirements. The most pressing among these challenges is scalability. The performance time in the current consensus model (related to scalability) is still questionable, especially in MCAs. That is, the model is lacking in high efficiency in many aspects such as transaction throughput, transaction latency, network bandwidth, and storage, despite strong reliability (in terms of advanced security and privacy) through an immutable shared distributed ledger. Hence, there is an exigent need for a new consensus model which could mitigate the scalability issues in MCAs. This paper is therefore aimed to propose a scalable consensus model to improve the scalability issue in MCA by improving the node syndicating time. This contribution is to elevate MCAs (other than Bitcoin)to positively impacting on social/business environment.
Blockchain technology is fast becoming the most transformative technology of recent times and has created hype and optimism, gaining much attention from the public and private sectors. It has been ...widely deployed in decentralized crypto currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin is the success story of a public blockchain application that propelled intense research and development into blockchain technology. However, scalability remains a crucial challenge. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are encountering low-efficiency issues with low throughput, high transaction latency, and huge energy consumption. The scalability issue in public Blockchains is hindering the provision of optimal solutions to businesses and industries. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the public blockchain scalability issue and challenges. The scope of this SLR includes an in-depth investigation into the scalability problem of public blockchain, associated fundamental factors, and state-of-art solutions. This project managed to extract 121 primary papers from major scientific databases such as Scopus, IEEE explores, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The synthesis of these 121 articles revealed that scalability in public blockchain is not a singular term. A variety of factors are allied to it, with transaction throughput being the most discussed factor. In addition, other interdependent vita factors include storages, block size, number of nodes, energy consumption, latency, and cost. Generally, each term is somehow directly or indirectly reliant on the consensus model embraced by the blockchain nodes. It is also noticed that the contemporary available consensus models are not efficient in scalability and thus often fail to provide good QoS (throughput and latency) for practical industrial applications. Our findings exemplify that the Internet of Things (IoT) would be the leading application of blockchain in industries such as energy, finance, resource management, healthcare, education, and agriculture. These applications are, however, yet to achieve much-desired outcomes due to scalability issues. Moreover, Onchain and offchain are the two major categories of scalability solutions. Sagwit, block size expansion, sharding, and consensus mechanisms are examples of onchain solutions. Offchain, on the other hand, is a lighting network.
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