Since the dissolution of Social Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in the beginning of the 1990s Bosnia and Herzegovina become independent. Montenegro was, after SFRY, federal unit in two states: ...Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro and become independent in 2006. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are evolved from accusations of aggression to good neighbouring and security cooperation. Since Montenegro is member of NATO and Bosnia and Herzegovina is still making an effort for the membership security cooperation is necessary. Research in this paper is about security cooperation in armed forces, police and other law enforcement agencies and civil protection since both countries become independent.
Abstract
There is growing evidence that leaders cooperate through regional intergovernmental organizations (RIOs) to address domestic security challenges. What sustains this collaboration? I present ...a theory of regional cooperation driven by mutual interest in stability and protection for heads of state. RIOs support the development of rules and norms around contributing to regional security and can legitimize pro-government military interventions. Leaders concerned that they may need external support—particularly against members of their own military—cooperate to remain in good standing with co-members. Using original security personnel deployment data for members of four Africa-based RIOs with mutual defense pacts between 1990 and 2017, I show that leaders facing higher coup risk were more likely to deploy personnel to support co-members. I also find evidence for the underlying mechanism—that these leaders contribute because they expect RIO members to reciprocate support in the future. Leaders who contributed more personnel to support co-members, and leaders who contributed more often, were more likely to receive military support from co-members in the future. These findings shed light on the dynamics sustaining regional security cooperation.
The assessment of the state of security cooperation between Ukraine and Canada on the NATO platform is carried out in the context of the study of Ukraine's role in Canada's actual security policy. ...The importance of such a study is determined by the priority of solving urgent problems in the field of international support for national security and the implementation of the foreign policy course for Euro-Atlantic integration of our state. The existence of significant threats to the national security of Ukraine in the context of conflict with Russian Federation determines the relevance of studying the theoretical and practical aspects of cooperation with key foreign partners to counter security challenges. Canada remains a staunch supporter of Ukraine’s state sovereignty, regardless of temporary changes in domestic and foreign policy. Such a consistent position of Ottawa defines the significance and effectiveness of the special partnership of this state with Ukraine, in particular, in the field of security policy. The article reviews the main aspects of Ukrainian-Canadian cooperation within NATO as the main multilateral security platform for Ukraine. An important component of Canadian support for Ukraine is the desire to bring Ukrainian military, social and democratic standards in line with the standards of NATO member countries. In this context, Canadian practical and expert experience is extremely important for our country. We are constantly confirming this in the process of meaningful Ukrainian-Canadian political dialogue within international organizations and NATO in particular. Thus, Ottawa actively supports Ukraine's efforts for Euro-Atlantic integration and plays an important role in filling the practical content of Kyiv's cooperation with the Alliance in the military-political and humanitarian spheres.
Privacy should become a key component in the IT system. It is not something to be considered at last but from the very early stages. Almost no nation has a greater sense of personal data security ...which could be equivalent to the European level. Since 9/11, the United States has declared to utilize PNR as a method for combating terrorism by associating PNR data with criminal records. Nevertheless, in fact, the majority of data found in the PNR is immense and most of this data is of a confidential nature. The paper used doctrinal legal research methodology utilizing the case and comparative law approach. It elaborates particular cases in relation to data protection issues. It also explores the differences between EU and US law which hinder the idea of data protection in particular on PNR. The study revealed that security is one of the most critical issues which hinder the agreement between the EU and the US on PNR data protection. As the EU promotes the highest standard to the data protection referring to the European community history and GDPR provisions, while the US places national security as a main priority beyond the privacy issues.
How does ASEAN fare in addressing maritime security problems? This paper examines the shifting character of maritime security cooperation in Southeast Asia. In doing so, this paper looks at the ...outcomes of three maritime security-oriented fora that exist within the ASEAN regional framework: the ASEAN Regional Forum, the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting, and the ASEAN Maritime Forum. By compiling and analysing data on the forms and frequency of existing cooperative activities from 2003 gathered from publicly available sources, this paper finds that maritime security cooperation among ASEAN members continue to be largely dialogue-based, with few instances of practical cooperation. By comparing the three fora, this paper argues that the organisational design of these forums tends to affect the forms of cooperation. This paper concludes that despite ASEAN showing progress in adopting practical security cooperation, there remain hurdles in achieving regional maritime security.
The South Asia subcontinent is witnessing new security and political dynamics after the United States withdrew its troops in mid-2021. Even as the Taliban-led government is stepping up engagement ...with the outside world to earn wider diplomatic recognition and exhibit its governing credentials, Beijing and New Delhi are adjusting their regional policies in a bid to acquire more influence in a changing geopolitical landscape. Assuming nation states to be rational actors, this paper uses the stag hunt game to analyze the potential maximum payoffs for Beijing, Kabul, and New Delhi, respectively, if they could make the right strategic calculations about their short-term interests and long-term goals. Even though the subcontinent is not immune to the effect of great power rivalry that is unfolding on the world stage, regional stakeholders could still choose to cooperate on issues of common concern while limiting the fallout of competition and confrontation on other more contentious challenges.
Abstract
Regional conflicts increasingly require multilevel efforts by regional, subregional, and international actors. When states are confronted with a cooperation problem, often there are several ...institutions available to address this issue. Drawing on the literature of overlapping regionalism and forum-shopping, we argue that existing explanatory models benefit from adding power-based explanations. By conceptualizing an issue-specific dimension and factors specific to the national environment as additional power-based criteria for forum-shopping, we expand the existing literature. Applying our framework to the response to the Boko Haram uprising, our study examines why Nigeria preferred specific regional entities to others. We find that Nigerian resistance toward external intervention and hegemonic interests inherent in national elites as power-based aspects of forum-shopping explain the counterintuitive creation of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) under the umbrella of the rather unknown Lake Chad Bassin Commission (LCBC) instead of reliance on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) or the African Union (AU) as important security providers in Africa.
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Informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs) such as the Proliferation Security Initiative and G20 increasingly play a central role in governing international relations. IIGOs are based on ...recurrent meetings among high-level state representatives but are not legalized through a treaty and have no permanent secretariat. They allow states to organize internationally without sacrificing autonomy to a supranational entity. We present the IIGO 2.0 dataset, the most comprehensive compilation of these institutions to date, and illustrate the significance of IIGOs through several key empirical findings. First, while the creation of formal IGOs (FIGOs) has plateaued, states are increasingly creating IIGOs to address critical global issues. Second, states disproportionately use IIGOs for high politics issue areas including peace, security, and political agenda-setting which challenges conventional wisdom that IGOs (intergovernmental organizations) are less relevant in the security realm. Third, IIGOs are remarkably durable. Although states could readily formalize or abandon IIGOs, they generally organize cooperation informally for long periods. Finally, IIGOs are typically smaller than FIGOs and this design choice is increasingly used by states of all levels of development, power, and region. The availability of the IIGO 2.0 dataset will promote further analysis on the growing diversity of international institutions.
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