► Mechanisms and determinants of identity development and separation–individuation. ► Parents and children as interrelated, dynamic identity systems. ► Motivational characteristics of parents as ...determinants of flexibility in parenting. ► Integrative patterns of optimal/problematic identity development in p–c relationships. ► Implications of a conceptual integration for quantitative and qualitative research.
Identity development and separation–individuation in parent–child relationships are widely perceived as related tasks of psychosocial maturation. However, a dynamic, developmental perspective that explains how intra-personal change in identity evolves from transactions between parents and children is not sufficiently represented in the literature. In this article, a selective literature review of psychological approaches to identity development and separation–individuation is presented with a focus on how the role of parents has been covered by approaches to identity development and on how general mechanisms of identity change could be filled with content by processes of separation–individuation. Afterwards, dynamics of identity development and separation–individuation are integrated based on the conceptualization of parents and children as two interrelated identity systems. Specifically, it is illustrated how interpersonal differences in long-term related changes in identity formation, identity evaluation, autonomy, and separateness and attachment between parents and children, could be explained by parent–child transactions in the transition between childhood and adolescence and between adolescence and emerging adulthood. Finally, implications of an integrative perspective for future empirical research are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Les expressions somatiques constituent des motifs de consultation fréquents en médecine de l’adolescent. Par trois illustrations cliniques d’adolescentes douloureuses, nous souhaitons montrer la ...tension exercée sur le processus de séparation-individuation par le corps adolescent, et la manière dont l’adolescent et sa famille se saisissent du tiers dans le soin, pour élaborer progressivement sur ces manifestations somatiques et relancer le processus de séparation-individuation. L’association, dans ces vignettes cliniques, des expressions somatiques avec un trouble du comportement alimentaire donne, dans notre lecture, un poids supplémentaire à cette question de l’entrave du processus de séparation-individuation, bien décrite dans l’anorexie mentale ; et, en nous décentrant davantage encore, elle nous permet d’interroger les liens intimes et complexes qu’entretiennent le soma et la psyché, ainsi que les rapports, à un niveau plus méta encore, qu’entretiennent la médecine et la psychiatrie.
The current study investigated the relationship between unconscious difficulties with separation-individuation in patients with Crohn's disease. Thirty patients with Crohn's disease and 30 healthy ...subjects were administered the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Comparison of their responses on the Symbiotic Phenomena Content Scale (SPCS) revealed significant differences regarding separation in terms of symbiotic imagery between the two groups.
本研究探讨了克罗恩病患者的无意识困难与分离-个体化之间的关系。三十名克罗恩病患者与三十名健康的受试者进行了罗夏墨迹测验。对他们在共生现象内容量表(SPCS)的回答进行比较,揭示出两组在共生意象的分离方面有显著差异。
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Proces separacije-individuacije se začne odvijati v zgodnjem otroštvu in igra pomembno vlogo tudi v mladostništvu in prehodu v odraslost. Neuspešno razrešen proces ima za posameznike lahko dolgoročne ...neprijetne posledice v obliki težav v psihosocialnem delovanju, simptomih depresije in anksioznosti ter psihiatričnih motnjah. Začetna pojmovanja separacije-individuacije so se v večji meri osredotočala na okoljske dejavnike, ki lahko vodijo do težav v zdravi razrešitvi procesa. Z novejšimi raziskavami s področij genetike in nevroznanosti pa se je v zadnjih letih izboljšalo razumevanje nevrobioloških temeljev separacije-individuacije. Raziskave na živalskih modelih so pokazale, da se separacijska anksioznost, temeljno čustvo, ki spremlja separacijo-individuacijo, pojavlja tudi pri vseh sesalcih, kar nakazuje na evolucijske izvore procesa. Iz vedenjsko genetskih raziskav je razvidno, da ima motnja separacijske anksioznosti pomembno mero dedljivosti. Raziskave s področja molekularne genetike pa so identificirale posamezne gene, ki se povezujejo s povečanim doživljanjem separacijske anksioznosti in pojavnostjo motnje separacijske anksioznosti. V prispevku so predstavljene raziskave, ki nakazujejo na pomen upoštevanja tako okoljskih kot genetskih dejavnikov pri razumevanju procesa separacije-individuacije.
The process of separation-individuation begins in early childhood and plays an important role in adolescence and emerging adulthood. An unsuccessfully resolved process has been shown to have ...long-term adverse consequences in one’s psychosocial functioning, symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychiatric illness. The early conceptualizations of separation-individuation largely focused on the environmental factors that might lead to problems in a healthily resolved process. More recent studies from the fields of genetic and neuroscientific research have improved our understanding of the neurobiological foundations of separation-individuation. Research on animal models has shown, that separation anxiety, a fundamental emotion accompanying separation-individuation can be found in all mammals, which suggests that the process might have evolutionary origins. Behavioral genetics research has shown that separation anxiety disorder has a significant rate of heritability. While research from the field of molecular genetics has identified specific genes that are related to increased rates of separation anxiety and separation anxiety disorder. The present paper presents studies that highlight the importance of considering both environmental and genetic factors in understanding the process of separation-individuation.
The concept of geographical confusion is very useful in understanding the child and the adolescent. In addition, the clinical examples presented, taken from two different developmental phases in a ...life of a child patient, show the relation between unconscious phantasy, which produces geographical confusion, and the structure of personality. Furthermore, it is possible to see how analytical work that touches on phantasy through its embodiment in dreams and transference allows for profound changes in personality, also resulting in a decrease in symptomatology.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper presents the results of a study focusing on the dimensions of object relations in people with autism spectrum disorder. An object relation denotes a relationship with a significant other, ...within which several identification processes take place through a meaningful emotional exchange. This is described by the developmental process of separation and individuation, which primarily occurs in children from birth to their third year of life. Although deficits in social relationships represent the most typical features of autism, there is still a great deal of uncertainty in this field. Based on the theoretical background, we hypothesised that differences in the characteristics of object relations in people with autism spectrum disorder compared to the characteristics of object relations in people without autism spectrum disorder are reflected in a greater expression of disturbances in object relations, especially in the more pronounced dimensions of greater social isolation and symbiotic merging. The quantitative research sample comprised 38 adults with autism spectrum disorder with normal intellectual abilities and 100 adults without autism spectrum disorder. The Test of Object Relations, which measures the individual dimensions of object relations, was used for data collection. The results show that there are statistically significant differences between the two groups of respondents, as the dimensions of symbiotic merging, social isolation and separation anxiety are more pronounced in adults with autism spectrum disorder. These findings serve as a basis for designing professional support for people with autism spectrum disorder in order to promote autonomy to strengthen the skills needed for social relatedness and social inclusion.
Objectives
This study aimed to explore family origins of adolescent dysfunctional separation-individuation. We tested the fit of a theoretical model in which mothers’ parenting stress and ...adolescents’ perceived maternal psychological control were specified as mediators between mothers’ marital satisfaction and adolescent dysfunctional separation–individuation.
Methods
Participants were 276 adolescents (aged 12–15 years old) and their mothers. Adolescents completed measures of perceived maternal psychological control and dysfunctional separation–individuation, and mothers completed measures of marital satisfaction and parenting stress.
Results
The association between mothers’ marital satisfaction and adolescents’ dysfunctional dependence was both direct and serially mediated through mothers’ parenting stress and adolescents’ perceived maternal dependency-oriented psychological control (
β
= −0.02,
p
< 0.05, 95% CI = −0.04, −0.002). Parenting stress was associated with dysfunctional dependence through perceived dependency-oriented psychological control (
β
= 0.06,
p
< 0.05, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.10) while being associated with dysfunctional independence through perceived achievement-oriented psychological control (
β
= 0.05,
p
< 0.05, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.10). Parenting stress also served as the mediator in the association between marital satisfaction and perceived dependency-oriented psychological control (
β
= −0.06,
p
< 0.05, 95% CI = −0.11, −0.01), and in the association between marital satisfaction and perceived achievement-oriented psychological control (
β
= −0.06,
p
< 0.05, 95% CI = −0.11, −0.001).
Conclusions
The current study extended past findings by identifying mothers’ marital satisfaction as a contributor to adolescent dysfunctional separation–individuation, and parenting stress and adolescents’ perceived maternal psychological control as mediating mechanisms.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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