Guidelines for conducting health economic evaluations have become increasingly standardized, however they don't address the unique concerns of the paediatric population. The challenges of measuring ...costs and consequences in children, from neonate to late adolescence, are numerous and complex. With the growing acceptance of economic evidence to guide decisions in health systems facing economic constraints, it is imperative that these challenges be considered so that this population is not left out of evidence-based decisions. The time has come for a textbook to address economic evaluation in child health. This book is divided into three sections: Methods, Applications, and Using evidence for decision-making, with chapters contributed by international experts. The Methods section presents detailed discussions of measuring lifetime costs and consequences, capturing productivity losses, obtaining unbiased self- and proxy reports, incorporating externalities, choosing valid outcome measures, assessing utility, and designing studies using value of information. The Applications section reviews economic evidence in common childhood conditions and areas of investigation, including newborn screening, harm prevention, mental health services, brain injury, asthma, and immunization. The final section explores the use of economic evidence in decision-making, and includes a description of the WHO-CHOICE approach, the role of clinical research, how to value health gains by children, and the emerging field of health technology assessment. In addition to an emphasis on methods, a deliberate effort was made to include issues relevant to developing countries, where the burden of childhood disease is greatest, and for whom high quality economic evidence is critical. Available in OSO: http://www.oxschol.com/oso/public/content/publichealthepidemiology/9780199547494/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Moses Aikins, Senior Lecturer, School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana Philippe Beutels, Senior Lecturer, Health Economics, Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Katherine B. Bevans, Assistant Research Professor, Division of General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA Robert E. Black, Edgar Berman Professor and Chair, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA Werner B.F. Brouwer, Department of Health Policy & Management and Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Medical Centre / Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Sarah Byford, Senior Lecturer, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK Jonathan D. Campbell, Senior Post-Doctoral Fellow, Pharmaceutical Outcomes, Research and Policy Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Vania Costa, Research Associate, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada Gillian Currie, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Sarah Curtis, Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Kim Dalziel, Senior Research Fellow, Health Economics and Policy Group, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia David B. Evans, Director, Department of Health Systems Financing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Christopher B. Forrest, Mary D. Ames Professor of Pediatrics and Advocacy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, Coordinator, Costs, Effectiveness, Expediture and Priority Setting (CEP), Health System Financing, Health Systems and Services, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland E. Michael Foster, Professor, Maternal and Child Health and Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA Andreas Gerber, Institute for Health Economics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Y. Ingrid Goh, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toronto, Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada Scott D. Grosse, Senior Health Economist, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Atlanta, USA Raymond Hutubessy, Economist, Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland Terry Klassen, Professor and Chair, Regional Program Clinical Director Child Health, Capital Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Gideon Koren, Senior Scientist and Director, The Motherisk Program, Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics and Physiology/Pharmacology, The University of Toronto, Ivey Chair in Molecular Toxicology, The University of Western Ontario, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada Stavros Petrou, Health Economist, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford (Old Road Campus), Oxford, England Ali I. Raja, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA Leonie Segal, Professor, Health Economics, Health Economics and Policy Group, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Donald S. Shepard, Professor, Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Heller School, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA Jose A. Suaya, Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Heller School, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA Sean D. Sullivan, Professor of Pharmacy, Public Health and Medicine; Director, Pharmacetical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Lillian Sung, Scientist and Assistant Professor, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Division of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada J. Mick Tilford, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Health Policy Management, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Applied Research and Evaluation, Little Rock, USA Wendy J. Ungar, Senior Scientist, Associate Professor, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Division of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada N. Job A. van Exel, MSc, Health Economist, Department of Health Policy & Management and Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Medical Centre / Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Damian G. Walker, Professor, Health Economics, Health Systems Program, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA Andrew R. Willan, Senior Scientist and Professor, Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada Lara J. Wolfson, Scientist, Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
This classic work chronicles how New York, London, and Tokyo became command centers for the global economy and in the process underwent a series of massive and parallel changes. What distinguishes ...Sassen's theoretical framework is the emphasis on the formation of cross-border dynamics through which these cities and the growing number of other global cities begin to form strategic transnational networks. All the core data in this new edition have been updated, while the preface and epilogue discuss the relevant trends in globalization since the book originally came out in 1991.
A Guide to School Services in Speech-Language Pathology, Fourth Edition serves as a comprehensive textbook for school-based speech-language pathology (SLP) courses and college students who are ready ...to embark on their student teaching experiences. With its summaries of cutting-edge research, evidence-based clinical approaches, workload solutions, and strategies for professionalism, the book is also a useful resource for practicing, school-based SLPs.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were approximately 1.7 million home health aides and personal and home care aides in the United States as of 2008. These home care aides are rapidly ...becoming the backbone of America's system of long-term care, and their numbers continue to grow. Often referred to as frontline care providers or direct care workers, home care aides-disproportionately women of color-bathe, feed, and offer companionship to the elderly and disabled in the context of the home. InThe Caring Self, Clare L. Stacey draws on observations of and interviews with aides working in Ohio and California to explore the physical and emotional labor associated with the care of others.
Aides experience material hardships-most work for minimum wage, and the services they provide are denigrated as unskilled labor-and find themselves negotiating social norms and affective rules associated with both family and work. This has negative implications for workers who struggle to establish clear limits on their emotional labor in the intimate space of the home. Aides often find themselves giving more, staying longer, even paying out of pocket for patient medications or incidentals; in other words, they feel emotional obligations expected more often of family members than of employees. However, there are also positive outcomes: some aides form meaningful ties to elderly and disabled patients. This sense of connection allows them to establish a sense of dignity and social worth in a socially devalued job. The case of home care allows us to see the ways in which emotional labor can simultaneously have deleterious and empowering consequences for workers.
Some see trade in services as irrelevant to the development agenda for least developed countries (LDCs). Others see few benefits from past market openings by LDCs. This book debunks both views. It ...finds that serious imperfections in Zambia's reform of services trade deprived the country of significant benefits and diminished faith in liberalization. What is to be done? Move aggressively and consistently to eliminate barriers to entry and competition. Develop and enforce regulations to deal with market failures. And implement proactive policies to widen the access of firms, farms, and consumers to services of all kinds. These lessons from Zambia are applicable to all LDCs. In all this, international agreements can help. But to succeed, LDCs must commit to open markets and their trading partners must provide assistance for complementary reforms. Zambia, which leads the LDC group at the World Trade Organization, can show the way.
This report explores the evolving role that hospital emergency departments play in the U.S. health care system. EDs evaluate and manage complex and high-acuity patients, are the major point of entry ...to inpatient care, and serve as “the safety net of the safety net” for patients who cannot get care elsewhere. The report examines the role that EDs may come to play in either contributing to or reducing the rising costs of health care.
Indonesia has made improving the access to health workers, especially in rural areas, and improving the quality of health provider's key priority areas of its next five-year development plan. ...Significant steps and policy changes were taken to improve the distribution of the health workforce, in particular the contracted doctors program and later the contracted midwives program, but few studies have been undertaken to measure the actual impact of these policies and programs. This book is part of the inputs prepared at the request of the government of Indonesia's national development agency, Bappenas, to inform the development of the next national development plan 2010-14. Other inputs include reports on health financing, fiscal space for health, health public expenditure review, and assessments of maternal health and pharmaceuticals. Study findings highlight the importance not only of improving the supply of health care, but also of improving quality, so as to improve health outcomes. Over the period studied, important gains in the determinants of health outcomes have occurred in Indonesia. At the same time, however, the study shows that Indonesia, despite the significant gains, continues to suffer from serious challenges in the number and distribution, and in particular the quality, of its health workers.
Cancer care today often provides state-of-the-science biomedical treatment, but fails to address the psychological and social (psychosocial) problems associated with the illness. This failure can ...compromise the effectiveness of health care and thereby adversely affect the health of cancer patients. Psychological and social problems created or exacerbated by cancer-including depression and other emotional problems; lack of information or skills needed to manage the illness; lack of transportation or other resources; and disruptions in work, school, and family life-cause additional suffering, weaken adherence to prescribed treatments, and threaten patients' return to health.
Today, it is not possible to deliver high-quality cancer care without using existing approaches, tools, and resources to address patients' psychosocial health needs. All patients with cancer and their families should expect and receive cancer care that ensures the provision of appropriate psychosocial health services.
Cancer Care for the Whole Patient recommends actions that oncology providers, health policy makers, educators, health insurers, health planners, researchers and research sponsors, and consumer advocates should undertake to ensure that this standard is met.
This is a systematic review on how innovations in health service practice and organisation can be disseminated and implemented. This is an academic text, originally commissioned by the Department of ...Health from University College London and University of Surrey, using a variety of research methods. The results of the review are discussed in detail in separate chapters covering particular innovations and the relevant contexts. The book is intended as a resource for health care researchers and academics.
