Successful attacks on smart contracts can result in loss of digital assets with potential financial and reputation implications. This reinforces the importance of auditing smart contracts prior to ...deployment. However, existing auditing approaches are generally non transparent, inefficient, limited to known bugs, and imprecise due to lack of real-world information in the blockchain. Therefore, we design a Decentralized Smart Contract Auditing Platform based on Sidechain (DSCAPS) in this paper. DSCAPS leverages the two-way peg sidechain technology to implement the interactions between the main chain and the sidechain which is used as the audit chain platform. Unlike conventional centralized audits, blockchain users can evaluate the security of contracts in a real-world smart contract execution environment by designing an appropriate incentive mechanism. Thus, detection results will be more comprehensive and precise. Moreover, to prevent multi-party collusion from manipulating the blockchain or audit process, we introduce a margin mechanism. Findings from our security analysis demonstrate that DSCAPS can mitigate potential threats. Evaluation findings based on the system implementation also show that DSCAPS is efficient in auditing a contract with performance overheads of less than 10%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A cell with a superior performance and durable catalyst layer can be achieved by optimizing the catalyst ink formulation. A typical commercial catalyst layer for both proton exchange membrane fuel ...cells and water electrolyzers is prepared via dispersion-based catalyst inks. Generally, ink dispersion composed of supported catalyst, ionomer, and solvent. The ink formulation governs physical properties such as homogeneity, the interaction between ink components, ability to store the ink (shelf-life) for an extended period and reproducibility. This is pivotal in optimizing the catalyst ink formulation for high performance, extended durability, and reproducibility, particularly in large-scale industrial manufacturing in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and electrolyzers. Despite the substantial progress on synthesis of different catalysts and ionomers, there is a limited understanding of the colloidal stability of the catalyst ink. The novelty of this review is to provide a guide to understand the importance of catalyst ink dispersion stability for manufacturing MEAs at scale-up level. This is addressed through targeting fundamental interaction behavior and physical properties of the ink materials. Further, this review covers the effect of particle surface, effect of solvent composition, and the effect of ionomer concentration that ensures a homogenized catalyst ink. In addition, this review covers the influence of different dispersion methodologies and the relevant characterization techniques for better understanding the dispersion stability.
•Reviewed the importance of ink constituents for PEM fuel cell and electrolyzer.•Elucidated the causation of ink agglomeration and the impact on the cell behavior.•Discussed the importance of ionomer adsorption on catalyst ink stability.•Reviewed the characterizing techniques to study the catalyst ink stability.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Molecular docking is by far the most preferred approach in structure-based drug design for its effectiveness to predict the scoring and posing of a given bioactive small molecule into the binding ...site of its pharmacological target. Herein, we present MzDOCK, a new GUI-based pipeline for Windows operating system, designed with the intent of making molecular docking easier to use and higher reproducible even for inexperienced people. By harmonic integration of python and batch scripts, which employs various open source packages such as Smina (docking engine), OpenBabel (file conversion) and PLIP (analysis), MzDOCK includes many practical options such as: binding site configuration based on co-crystallized ligands; generation of enantiomers from SMILES input; application of different force fields (MMFF94, MMFF94s, UFF, GAFF, Ghemical) for energy minimization; retention of selectable ions and cofactors; sidechain flexibility of selectable binding site residues; multiple input file format (SMILES, PDB, SDF, Mol2, Mol); generation of reports and of pictures for interactive visualization. Users can download for free MzDOCK at the following link: https://github.com/Muzatheking12/MzDOCK.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A new program, TALOS-N, is introduced for predicting protein backbone torsion angles from NMR chemical shifts. The program relies far more extensively on the use of trained artificial neural networks ...than its predecessor, TALOS+. Validation on an independent set of proteins indicates that backbone torsion angles can be predicted for a larger, ≥90 % fraction of the residues, with an error rate smaller than ca 3.5 %, using an acceptance criterion that is nearly two-fold tighter than that used previously, and a root mean square difference between predicted and crystallographically observed (
ϕ
,
ψ
) torsion angles of ca 12º. TALOS-N also reports sidechain χ
1
rotameric states for about 50 % of the residues, and a consistency with reference structures of 89 %. The program includes a neural network trained to identify secondary structure from residue sequence and chemical shifts.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Achieving both high open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current density (Jsc) to boost power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) is a major challenge for organic solar cells (OSCs), wherein high ...energy loss (Eloss) and inefficient charge transfer usually take place. Here, three new Y‐series acceptors of mono‐asymmetric asy‐YC11 and dual‐asymmetric bi‐asy‐YC9 and bi‐asy‐YC12 are developed. They share the same asymmetric D1AD2 (D1=thieno3,2‐bthiophene and D2=selenopheno3,2‐bthiophene) fused‐core but have different unidirectional sidechain on D1 side, allowing fine‐tuned molecular properties, such as intermolecular interaction, packing pattern, and crystallinity. Among the binary blends, the PM6 : bi‐asy‐YC12 one has better morphology with appropriate phase separation and higher order packing than the PM6 : asy‐YC9 and PM6 : bi‐asy‐YC11 ones. Therefore, the PM6 : bi‐asy‐YC12‐based OSCs offer a higher PCE of 17.16 % with both high Voc and Jsc, due to the reduced Eloss and efficient charge transfer properties. Inspired by the high Voc and strong NIR‐absorption, bi‐asy‐YC12 is introduced into efficient binary PM6 : L8‐BO to construct ternary OSCs. Thanks to the broadened absorption, optimized morphology, and furtherly minimized Eloss, the PM6 : L8‐BO : bi‐asy‐YC12‐based OSCs achieve a champion PCE of 19.23 %, which is one of the highest efficiencies among these annealing‐free devices. Our developed unidirectional sidechain engineering for constructing bi‐asymmetric Y‐series acceptors provides an approach to boost PCE of OSCs.
A dual‐asymmetric Y‐series acceptor is developed using unidirectional sidechain engineering. Thanks to the low energy loss and efficient charge transfer properties, the corresponding organic solar cells achieved an efficiency of 19.23 %, which is one of the highest values among annealing‐free devices.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Policy support and research status of cross-chain technology are illustrated.•Essential cross-chain machanisms and representive cross-chain projects are summarized, and a comparative analysis is ...completed.•Existing problems of cross-chain technology and corresponding solutions are presented.•Development prospects of cross-chain technology at multiple levels are shown.
After years of in-depth development of blockchain, various blockchains with different characteristics and suitable for different application scenarios coexist in large numbers. Due to the isolation of blockchains and the high degree of heterogeneity between chains, value transfer and data communication between existing blockchains are facing unprecedented challenges, and the phenomenon of value isolated island is gradually emerging. The cross-chain technology of blockchain is an important technical means to realize the interconnection of blockchains and improve the interoperability and scalability of blockchains. In this paper, the development and application of blockchain cross-chain technology are studied, the background and significance of cross-chain technology are described, the research status of cross-chain technology is expounded, the current mainstream cross-chain technologies and cross-chain projects are introduced, the mentioned cross-chain technologies and cross-chain projects are analyzed and compared. In addition, this paper also summarizes the difficulties existing in the current cross-chain technology and provides solutions for reference, so as to lead to the discussion of the development trend of cross-chain technology, and finally complete the summary of the research content of the full text and the prospect of cross-chain technology. It is hoped that the relevant summary results can help relevant researchers and practitioners quickly grasp the research progress in the field of blockchain interoperability, and obtain relevant knowledge and application methods in this field.
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Blockchain technology, which has gained much attention from researchers, faces challenges when applied to resource-constrained devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). These challenges include ...significant network overhead and energy-intensive processes. We propose a trust-based ensemble consensus and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to address these limitations. The trust-based ensemble consensus leverages Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus procedures to improve trust levels within the network. To boost scalability and throughput without sacrificing the security and privacy of IoT data, we utilize sidechaining with the efficient GWO algorithm, allowing the construction of parallel chains connected to the main blockchain. Our experimental results outperformed conventional models by increasing throughput by 12.5% while decreasing mining delay by 19.5% and energy usage by 18.3%. The conducted security analysis reveals the presented lightweight framework is robust against Finney, DoS, Sybil, and Masquerade attacks. These improvements suggest the potential of this approach to provide privacy, integrity, and anonymity in blockchain-enabled IoT systems for smart city applications.
•An broad survey on lightweight scalable blockchain solutions pertain to scalability.•To optimize blockchain operations, a trust-based ensemble consensus was developed.•Sidechain scalability has been improved by incorporating GWO optimization.•Presented framework performance has been shown in the presence of cyber-attacks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Shared Manufacturing is a new mode of social manufacturing based on the principles of a sharing economy. This paper presents a scalable framework for blockchain-based Shared Manufacturing that ...preserves the transparency and immutability characteristics of transaction records, which is critical to building trust between entities in blockchain-based systems. We define a blockchain-based protocol for the service execution according to the design principles of the sharing economy. We present a scalable integration of blockchain technology into the concept of Shared Manufacturing by employing cross-chain solutions. We discuss existing cross chain technologies regarding the requirements of Shared Manufacturing and propose hybrid approach. We compare implementations of the proposed framework on two different blockchain networks: Ethereum public network and Xdai sidechain network. We conduct user-oriented test to explore the performance (cost and time) of the implementations in realistic situations in order to justify the use of the sidechain technology. Results indicate that the implementation on the sidechains provides greater scalability than the implementation on the public blockchain network.
•Shared Manufacturing opens up manufacturing to unused local resources•Blockchain technology enables trusted environment between entities•Using cross-chain technology increases scalability of the blockchain-based Shared Manufacturing.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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