Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Lopez, Alan D; Mathers, Colin D; Ezzati, Majid ...
The World Bank eBooks,
2006, 04-02-2006, 2006-02-04, 20060101
eBook, Book
Open access
This volume is a single up-to-date source on the entire global epidemiology of diseases, injuries and risk factors with a comprehensive statement of methods and a complete presentation of results. It ...includes refined methods to assess data, ensure epidemiological consistency, and summarize the disease burden. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors examines the comparative importance of diseases, injuries, and risk factors; it incorporates a range of new data sources to develop consistent estimates of incidence, prevalence, severity and duration, and mortality for 136 major diseases and injuries. Drawing from more than 8,500 data sources that include epidemiological studies, disease registers, and notifications systems, Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors incorporates information from more than 10,000 datasets relating to population health and mortality, representing one of the largest syntheses of global information on population health to date.
We investigated the perinatal outcome and social background of social high-risk pregnant women（SHW）who received treatment at our hospital. Among 3,193 deliveries that occurred at our hospital between ...2017 and 2022, we included 602 specific pregnant women and 2,591 general pregnant women（GPW）. We evaluated social risk factors and perinatal outcome. The factors we considered included multiple factors（41.5%）, mental illness（22.3%）, foreign nationality（17.1%）, unmarried status（7.1%）, economic deprivation（2.5%）, lack of support（1.8%）, being widowed or not yet receiving medical care（2.0%）, being young（aged below 20）（1.7%）, livelihood protection（1%）, adoption（0.3%）, intellectual disability（0.2%）, Domestic Violence（0.2%）, and giving birth without visiting antenatal clinics（0.2%）. Perinatal outcome were not significantly different between the number of cases with umbilical Artery pH < 7.1 and Apgar score. The perinatal outcomes of SHW are comparable to those of GPW. However, addressing the needs of SHW necessitated multidisciplinary collaboration.
Cognitive Aging Liverman, Catharyn T; Yaffe, Kristine; Blazer, Dan G
04/2015
eBook
Open access
For most Americans, staying "mentally sharp" as they age is a very high priority. Declines in memory and decision-making abilities may trigger fears of Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative ...diseases. However, cognitive aging is a natural process that can have both positive and negative effects on cognitive function in older adults - effects that vary widely among individuals. At this point in time, when the older population is rapidly growing in the United States and across the globe, it is important to examine what is known about cognitive aging and to identify and promote actions that individuals, organizations, communities, and society can take to help older adults maintain and improve their cognitive health.
Cognitive Aging assesses the public health dimensions of cognitive aging with an emphasis on definitions and terminology, epidemiology and surveillance, prevention and intervention, education of health professionals, and public awareness and education. This report makes specific recommendations for individuals to reduce the risks of cognitive decline with aging. Aging is inevitable, but there are actions that can be taken by individuals, families, communities, and society that may help to prevent or ameliorate the impact of aging on the brain, understand more about its impact, and help older adults live more fully and independent lives. Cognitive aging is not just an individual or a family or a health care system challenge. It is an issue that affects the fabric of society and requires actions by many and varied stakeholders. Cognitive Aging offers clear steps that individuals, families, communities, health care providers and systems, financial organizations, community groups, public health agencies, and others can take to promote cognitive health and to help older adults live fuller and more independent lives. Ultimately, this report calls for a societal commitment to cognitive aging as a public health issue that requires prompt action across many sectors.
Objectives
To test whether loneliness is associated with the risk of cognitive impairment up to 11 years later in a European sample of middle‐aged and older adults. The study examines whether this ...association is independent of measures of social isolation, depression, and other risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia.
Methods
Participants (N = 14 114) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) answered a single item on loneliness at baseline and were assessed for cognitive impairment every 2‐to‐3 years for 11 years. Participants who scored at least 1.5 standard deviations below the age‐graded mean on both a memory recall task and verbal fluency task were classified as impaired. A three‐item measure of loneliness was available for a sample of respondents followed up to 4 years.
Results
Feeling lonely was associated with increased risk of incident cognitive impairment (HR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.19‐1.44), after accounting for age, sex, education, and SHARE country strata. The association was robust but reduced in magnitude when controlling for clinical and behavioral risk factors, health‐related activity limitations, social isolation, social disengagement, and depressive symptoms. The association was not moderated by socio‐demographic factors and was also apparent when using the three‐item loneliness scale instead of the single‐item measure.
Conclusions
These findings expand the extant literature on loneliness and the risk of cognitive impairment in older adulthood. Loneliness is one modifiable factor that can be intervened prior to the development of severe impairment or dementia.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In China, the social risks associated with housing demolition increasingly challenge the success of urban redevelopment projects. In practice, these risks are interacting and are associated with ...various stakeholders. Previous studies have largely focused on risk identification and evaluation without giving sufficient consideration to stakeholders and their linkages with risks. Therefore, we used social network analysis to investigate social risks related to housing demolition, from a stakeholder perspective. Stakeholder-associated risks and their interrelations were investigated based on a literature analysis and interviews with key stakeholders. Using a network analysis we identified critical risks and their corresponding stakeholders. Social security schemes, efficient financial management, multi-dimensional impact assessments, policy analyses and adherence to laws, and public participation were proposed to mitigate risks. The effectiveness of these solutions was quantified based on a network simulation. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on social risk management via linking social risks with stakeholders.
•This study developed a model for managing social risks during the housing demolition stage of urban redevelopment projects.•This study investigated the linkages between social risks and stakeholders.•Critical risks and interactions were identified based on a risk network analysis.•Five strategies were proposed to mitigate social risks and their effectiveness was quantified via network simulation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
While most gamblers spend moderate amounts of money, a few spend much more. This leads to spending being concentrated among a small number of players. Building on a body of literature that shows ...disproportionate spending by problem gamblers, we hypothesize that problem gambling causes such concentration. We investigate this hypothesis empirically by using GINI coefficients derived from survey datasets of gamblers from three different jurisdictions: France, Québec, and Germany.
We find strong positive relationships between the GINI coefficient and (1) the share of revenue derived from problem gamblers, and (2) excess spending of problem gamblers. We interpret these results as a link between the effect of problem gambling—excessive and disproportionate spending—and concentration of gambling demand. Since the problem gambling status of players is often unknown, policy makers and gambling operators could use the GINI coefficient as an additional indicator to monitor social risk in gambling markets.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Delegation is an important part of organizational success and can be used to overcome personal shortcomings and draw upon the expertise and abilities of others. However, delegation comes with risks ...and uncertainties, as it entails a transfer of power and loss of control. Indeed, research has documented that people tend to under-delegate to other humans, often leading to poor decisions and ultimately negative economic consequences. Today, however, people are faced with a new delegation choice: Artificial Intelligence (AI). Fueled by Big Data, AI is rapidly becoming more intelligent and frequently outperforming human forecasters and decision-makers. Given this evolution of computational autonomy, researchers need to revisit the hows and whys of decision delegation and clarify not only whether people are willing to cede control to AI agents but also whether AI can reduce the under-delegation that is especially pronounced when people are faced with decisions that spur a high desire for control. By linking research on decision delegation, social risk, and control premium to the emerging field of trust in AI, we propose and find that people prefer to delegate decisions to AI as compared to human agents, especially when decisions entail losses (Studies 1–3). Results further illuminate the underlying psychological process involved (Study 1 and 2) and show that process transparency increases delegation to humans but not to AI (Study 3). These findings have important implications for research on trust in AI and the applicability of autonomous AI systems for managers and decision makers.
•People prefer to delegate decisions to AI as compared to human agents.•This difference increases when decisions entail losses (potential decision outcome spurs a high desire for control).•The difference in delegation rates originates from a social risk premium.•Process transparency increases delegation to humans but not to AI.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The risk management inherent in a company's supply chain has become a decisive line for its growth, generating a competitive differential. The literature on risk management is diverse; however, much ...has been studied on the financial risks and little on the social risks in which the supply chain of a company may be involved. The current scenario is critical. For example, the Global Slavery Index shows that by 2014 more than 35 million workers were in situations analogous to slaves in the world. Scandals have been recently increasing in the media, such as the use of child labor by large brands, making consumers more aware and companies more negatively affected. The present research aims to study social risk and proposes a taxonomy, a framework and a research agenda to support future works on social supply chain risks. A systematic literature review is conducted, and after analysing 77 abstracts and 43 full papers, we identify twenty-four social risks and thirteen consequences that those risks can generate for the company and consequently affect the entire supply chain. We also develop a Social Supply Chain Risk Management (SSCRM) taxonomy and a framework that integrates the literature frameworks and the risks and consequences in order to make it viable for practitioners managing social supply chain risks. Finally, a research agenda is provided to enhance the conceptual foundations of social supply chain risk management towards the formalisation and improvement of the field.
•The study intends to understand the social view as a competitive differential.•We conduct a systematic literature review on social risks to analyse 43 full papers.•Twenty-four social risks and thirteen consequences for company's were identified.•We deliver three taxonomies, a research agenda and a framework.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This innovative ethnographic study animates the racial politics that underlie genomic research into type 2 diabetes, one of the most widespread chronic diseases and one that affects ethnic groups ...disproportionately. Michael J. Montoya follows blood donations from "Mexican-American" donors to laboratories that are searching out genetic contributions to diabetes. His analysis lays bare the politics and ethics of the research process, addressing the implicit contradiction of undertaking genetic research that reinscribes race's importance even as it is being demonstrated to have little scientific validity. In placing DNA sampling, processing, data set sharing, and carefully crafted science into a broader social context, Making the Mexican Diabetic underscores the implications of geneticizing disease while illuminating the significance of type 2 diabetes research in American life.
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