W opracowaniu została przedstawiona propozycja metody wyznaczania obszarów o różnym stopniu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego (problemowych, sukcesu i faz pośrednich między nimi). W przyjętym ...postępowaniu badawczym identyfikację różnych typów obszarów przeprowadzono w oparciu o konstrukcję wskaźnika syntetycznego, który uwzględniał sześć cech przypisanych do dwóch kategorii tematycznych (społeczno-demograficznych oraz ekonomiczno-technicznych). Za okres badań przyjęto lata 2003–2019. Zastosowane ujęcie dynamiczne pozwoliło na prześledzenie ścieżki rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego badanych jednostek w obrębie zaproponowanych czterech typów obszarów. Uzyskane wyniki odnoszą się do gmin wiejskich oraz miejsko-wiejskich województwa dolnośląskiego ze szczególnym wskazaniem na powiat kłodzki, który od wielu lat uznawany jest za obszar problemowy.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to deliberate on the establishment of zakat (Islamic alms) on oil and gas in Malaysia. Being one of the five Islamic pillars, zakat contributes significantly to ...the country’s socio-economic development and prosperity. However, in Malaysia and other Islamic countries, there is not yet a proper mechanism for calculating zakat on extracted minerals. Similar to gold and silver, oil and gas are valuable minerals, which, upon extraction, are subject to zakat payment. In Malaysia, however, this is not the case.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a qualitative method. It presents a thorough review on the stipulation for paying zakat on minerals, specifically oil and gas. The deliberation is based on secondary data entailing a comprehensive content analysis of prominent books on the subject, current zakat rulings and legal acts on oil and gas.
Findings
Oil and gas are subject to zakat payment, as indicated in several Qurʾānic verses and based on the academic reasoning of Muslim scholars. The zakat calculation for oil and gas entails the
nisāb
(minimum threshold value of the assets) but not the
ḥawl
(the requirement for one full Islamic year of ownership for the assets), by analogy with zakat on agricultural produce. Despite the obligation to pay zakat on minerals under the
zakāt al-māl
(alms due on wealth) category, oil and gas is yet to be fully subject to this practice in Malaysia, although the country is known as an oil-producing Muslim country. Several legislative acts covering the managerial and business side of oil and gas operations have long been established, but the provision on zakat remains unclear. Hence, comprehensive legislation is needed to fine-tune the Malaysian oil and gas system, particularly with regard to zakat.
Research limitations/implications
This study relies mainly on secondary data and literature without performing any empirical investigations.
Practical implications
In terms of academic implication, this study enriches the existing body of knowledge on zakat. Practical implications would include enhanced decision-making concerning zakat on oil and gas on the part of zakat institutions, policymakers and the government of Malaysia.
Originality/value
This study provides practical and academic contributions to the deep understanding of zakat on oil and gas, which has received very little attention in the existing body of literature. Despite being limited in literature, this is a breakthrough study that sheds light on zakat on oil and gas.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
In this day and age, improving quality of life (QOL) remains a necessary prerequisite for social progress and the central goal of state policy in many countries worldwide, regardless of their ...economic development. The aim of this work is to propose a system of indicators able to describe the QOL of the population to the fullest extent possible. The research methodology includes an analysis of modern approaches to explaining the QOL concept and describing its main measurement criteria, as well as a matrix comparison of the fundamental characteristics of well-being. These methods' application and the subsequently obtained results allow developing the model for the QOL measurement. The system of indicators proposed within this model implies the consideration of both objective and subjective indicators distributed into two blocks for convenience: the Accepted Living Standard (material and environmental indicators) and the Quality of Life Opportunities (individual, cultural, and social indicators). The QOL level is determined by the balance or imbalance between the mean values of these blocks. In such a manner, the study advocates that the modern QOL measurement should consider both objective well-being indicators, collected from the reports of the analysed country's national statistics service, and subjective indicators characterising the citizens' perceptions of well-being at the individual level.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sustainable dental health is reflected in the high quality of the medical act and the high quality of the medical service, which cannot be achieved without considering the existing social context, ...especially the economic development of a state, where certain economic variables can become real levers of influence. The goal of this paper is twofold—theoretical and empirical. Firstly, at the theoretical level, we provide the context and the development of the health legal framework and the state of the Oral Health System and the provision of dental medical services in the eight Romanian Regions of Development. The second aim is to evaluate the relationship between dental health and well-being for the case of regions of Romania over the period 2001–2015. To review the dental health care in Romania, we will use descriptive analysis as the methodology, and to explore the relationship between dental health and economic determinants, we will use an econometric model, the OLS model. Our working hypothesis is that dental health care is influenced by the economic variables in a country. The results show a positive and significant relationship between dental health care and the most important indicator of well-being, the level of income. Of course, an important role is played by the complexity of education, expressed by research and development, which determines a significant positive relationship with dental health in the development regions of Romania.
Lifelong learning has become a priority in European educational policies due to the importance and impact which the implementation of this concept has on the economic development, society and each ...person. The article analyzes the European policies and trends in the field of lifelong learning, the situation and the deficiencies existing in the Republic of Moldova; it points out the priority actions that are required at national and institutional level in order to stimulate this activity in our country, as well as it highlights the role of universities in this process
The purpose of the article is to carry out an analysis and improvement of the methodological approach for estimating and forecasting socio-economic devel-opment of regions. The methodological basis ...of the study consisted of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists and leading specialists, statistical and analytical materials of state authorities. The results are obtained through the use of such methods as: expert – to identify the impact of qualitative and quantitative indicators on the socio-economic development of the region; economicmathematical analysis – to study the influence of a defined group of indicators on the level of development of the region; abstract-logical – for a theoretical synthesis and formulation of conclusions. The results of the study suggest that the introduction of a sound scientific and methodological approach to assessing and forecasting the level of development of the country and regions in particular will allow not only to identify problem areas in the development of the respective territories, but also to get the potential investor reliable information about the real state of affairs and to determine the justification of further investment in the activity of the research object. Using an unjustified scientific and methodological approach not only can distort the real state of affairs in the regions and the country in general, but also send limited financial resources of the State and local budgets in the conditions of the crisis to improve the indicators that have a minor impact on the development of the economy. It is proved that in current crisis conditions, the functioning of the national economy, state authorities should implement a more effective discretionary fiscal policy aimed at reducing the tax burden in the formation of the wage fund of the socially vulnerable population. The errors, ob-tained during misuse of information technologies in the assessment of socio-economic development of regions are revealed. The scientific and methodological approach to determining the coefficient of competence of experts and the value of 1 point of qualification competences during the construction of forecast scenarios and the development of regional economic development programs using intuitive fore-casting methods has been improved. Proposals for improving the system of taxation of the socially vulnerable population are developed.
This paper attempts to highlight the role of ICT in higher education for the 21st century and its benefits and challenges. In particular the paper has argued that ICTs have impacted on educational ...practice in education to date in quite small ways but that the impact will grow considerably in years to come and that ICT will become a strong agent for change among many educational practices. It is evident from the study that use of ICT in education is increasing very rapidly in various states of India. One of the most common problems of using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in education is to base choices on technological possibilities rather than educational needs. In developing countries where higher education is fraught with serious challenges at multiple levels, there is increasing pressure to ensure that technological possibilities are viewed in the context of educational needs. The use of ICT in education lends itself to more student-centred learning settings and often this creates some tensions for some teachers and students. But with the world moving rapidly into digital media and information, the role of ICT in education is becoming more and more important and this importance will continue to grow and develop in the 21st century. With these advantages also its been observed that teachers are still hesitant in adapting technology for education as well as professional development.
This paper examines the mainstream theories of “financial sustainability” and “financial development”. It is suggested understanding “financial development” as the complex dynamic characteristics of ...the financial sector, which is formed under the influence of financial and economic policy factors and the financial market functioning. The paper provides the methodology of relationship between financial sustainability and socio-economic development of countries evaluation. Based on the matrix method, it is proved that the differences in developed and developing countries occur due to the relationship between financial sustainability and financial development.
Interterritorial socio-economic differentiation is one of the main internal challenges that hamper sustainable development of Russian regions and impede the transition of the economy to a new ...techno-economic paradigm. The weakening of economic ties and the uneven distribution of resources have led to an increase not only in interregional, but also in intraregional inequality in the development of territories; this disrupts the cohesion of the common economic space. In this regard, it becomes necessary to substantiate scientifically the mechanism of territorial development regulation that can reduce the scale of intraregional differentiation and overcome its negative implications; this predetermined the goal of our study. We use the data on the Vologda Oblast to systematize and analyze factors that cause intraregional differentiation; we identify the most significant of them, assess the scale and depth of socio-economic differentiation, determine the trends of change in socio-economic development of municipal districts, and substantiate the use of methods that help decrease the inequality of territories. We use analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, as well as methodological tools based on economic-statistical and comparative analysis and expert survey, as a methodological basis of the study. Scientific novelty of our research findings consists in the fact that they help develop methods to analyze, evaluate and regulate intraregional differentiation. The findings of our study can be used by federal and regional authorities and serve as a basis for further research on this topic to facilitate a more detailed study of a differentiated approach to the implementation of state support measures provided to municipalities with different development levels and capacities
Research into and conservation of geological heritage and the use of the knowledge gained for the education of the general public lay the groundwork for the creation and consolidation of specialised ...museums and the dissemination of knowledge among a more diverse audience. In this way, resources linked to Geology will become a territorial development factor and move societies to consider them as indispensable resources for their benefit. This, along with heritage laws, will ensure that these elements are provided with the stewardship to ensure their long-term care and maintenance. This action plan is being carried out with the geological and palaeontological heritage in some places of the province of Teruel (Spain) where, even in remote areas with little more than one inhabitant per square kilometre, the research, development and innovation have resulted in various museography actions in dinosaur sites.
The Dinosaur Route
in a small village called El Castellar, which already has other tourist attractions related to “terrible lizards”, is one example of research being placed at the service of territorial development in rural areas. The route is a 2.3-km walking trail that consists, mainly, of two dinosaur fossil sites that have been enabled for tourist visits which have great educational value for all audiences: Camino El Berzal, with tracks, and San Cristóbal, with various original bones of a stegosaurid. The latter is the first site in Spain where dinosaur fossils can be seen in situ in a permanent exhibition.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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