•This article uses methods and theory from urban economics and economic geography to examine urban structure at Teotihuacan.•We find evidence of spatial equilibrium at Teotihuacan.•Competition for ...desirable land near urban amenities acted as a gravitational force for residential location and land use preferences.•We find evidence of a strong spatial gradient of class composition indicating that higher wealth groups outcompeted lower wealth groups for more valuable land.
This study employs canonical methods and theory from urban economics and economic geography to analyze the urban structure of the ancient city of Teotihuacan. We present evidence that Teotihuacan’s overall configuration, which includes spatial patterning in land use, demography, and social class, reveals density gradients that are consistent with the assumptions of urban spatial equilibrium. In general, spatial equilibrium posits that locational advantages conferred by proximity to desirable land (i.e., urban amenities) are offset by the associated land and transportation costs. These results provide insights into the process of urbanization at the ancient metropolis as well as its structural underpinnings such as social inequality and spatial competition. Based on these results, we argue that the framework employed here is broadly applicable to archaeological case studies and can lead to new inferences about the comparative dynamics of ancient urbanization.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Social science scholars have identified a “spatial turn” in energy research over the last three decades. This article systematically reviews the literature on energy, space, and place and decomposes ...this inter- and transdisciplinary academic landscape. A corpus of 7879 research articles related to spatial perspectives on energy issues is processed and analyzed based on a step-by-step framework for the automated, transparent, and reproducible analysis of large sets of research articles. For this purpose, natural language processing approaches, including named entity recognition and structural topic modeling, are adopted. Based on this large-n selection procedure, selected topics related to the geographical political economy of the energy transition are reviewed in detail. The review maps the geographical scope and scale of the research field, highlights major topics, and shows the distribution of methodological approaches and the role of geographic information systems in this research field. The results show a growing body of literature attentive to socio-spatial variation and the uneven spatiality of energy systems. Nevertheless, uneven geographical distributions of studies with a strong focus on the major industrialized countries and generally only a few comparative cases were also found. In particular, research on the energy transition and renewable energy policy is strongly informed by studies addressing the Global North, limiting the evidence base for other regional contexts from the Global South.
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•Growing body of literature attentive to socio-spatial variation across time and space and the uneven spatiality of energy systems.•Uneven geographical distributions of studies and lack of diversity of geographical scope.•Low number of identified comparative cases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
O presente trabalho apresentou como objetivo desenvolver uma análise do impacto institucional na produção da soja nos estados brasileiros por meio de indicadores de desenvolvimento regional, tendo ...como variáveis de analise: a importância da produção da soja em relação ao PIB, área de produção em relação a área total aberta dos estados, e a importância institucional por meio do número de deputados que fazem parte da bancada ruralista em relação ao total de deputados de cada estado. Sendo realizado com estes dados uma matriz multivariada, como forma de obter o Índices de Produtividade e Institucionalidade Normalizado (PRAIN), posteriormente por meio dos scores obtidos em relação a cada estado se realizou uma a analise espacial, com intuito de identificar os transbordamentos, e se estes são capazes de formar clusters. Tendo em vista o estimulo da produção da soja por meio da a matriz institucional regional no território nacional nos últimos anos, visualizar as mudanças ocasionadas pela oleaginosa.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Soil is dynamic due to various internal and external processes exerted on the soil, resulting in unique soil characteristics in space in short and long distances. Geostatistics (kriging) is the ...method of quantifying the spatial variation of soil properties. This research was mainly aimed at applying geostatistics to quantify and interpolate the spatial dependence and structure of three soil properties, namely pH, EC, and Soil Moisture Content (SMC) in a small area. This research was conducted on paddy fields in Mlandingan Kulon Village, Situbondo Regency. Sampling was conducted on an area of 9.2 ha with 31 sample points. Normal data distribution was found for pH and EC, whereas this was not the case for SMC. The results of the analysis showed that most of the pH values were alkaline (>8), EC values were non-saline (<2 mm/cm), and SMC was in the low category (<20%). The results show that for three soil properties, weak dependencies were observed. The values of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) confirmed that kriging with exponential was better compared to the spherical model, resulting in the RMSE of 0.546 (pH), 0.041 (EC), and 1.512 (SMC).
We conducted a spatial and temporal analysis of housing patterns in Mexico City by utilizing an extensive database of 16,000 prices for flats and houses, covering the period from 2000 to 2022. Our ...findings reveal a striking trend: The average housing prices have quadrupled over a 20-y period, without considering inflation. In contrast, the per capita labor income of Mexican citizens has declined relative to inflation. As a result, the average family encountered four times greater challenges in accessing housing in 2015 as compared to 2005. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that areas that have undergone significant gentrification or super-gentrification contribute to a widespread increase in land value on neighboring zones, leading to the emergence of clusters of highly expensive neighborhoods.
Understanding how environmental factors affect species distribution is crucial for the conservation and management of marine organisms, especially in the face of global changes. Whiting (Merlangius ...merlangus) is a demersal cold-temperate fish, considered a 'relict species' in the Adriatic Sea. Despite its significance to commercial fisheries in the region, the specific drivers behind its spatial and temporal patterns have not been thoroughly examined. Here, we fitted a set of Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models to data collected in the Northern and Central Adriatic from 1999 to 2019 during the Mediterranean International Trawl Survey to investigate the potential influence of depth, seafloor temperature and seafloor dissolved oxygen on the annual biomass density and spatial distribution of whiting in the spring-summer season. Our results showed that depth, and to a lesser degree temperature and oxygen, are important predictors of whiting distribution in this period, with preferences for depths of ~ 45 m, temperature of ~ 15.4°C and dissolved oxygen > 5.5 ml L.sup.-1 . We predicted a persistent core area of distribution in front of the Po River Delta, in the Northern Adriatic Sea, while the density progressively declined towards the Central and Southern Adriatic Sea along the Italian coast. Additionally, the temporal trend exhibited high fluctuations over the years, occurring in cycles of 3 to 4 years. Finally, by comparing the biomass density estimates obtained under optimal conditions with those derived from the actual values for each variable, our analysis revealed that temperature had a pronounced and general impact on biomass density in the northern survey area (predictions revealed a density reduction of approximately two-thirds), while oxygen displayed a minor and more localized influence. This work deepens the current knowledge about the ecology of whiting in the Adriatic Sea and provides support for the conservation and management of this species.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Spatial heterogeneity represents a general characteristic of the inequitable distributions of spatial issues. The spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis investigates the heterogeneity among ...various strata of explanatory variables by comparing the spatial variance within strata and that between strata. The geographical detector model is a widely used technique for spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. In the model, the spatial data discretization and spatial scale effects are fundamental issues, but they are generally determined by experience and lack accurate quantitative assessment in previous studies. To address this issue, an optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) model is developed for more accurate spatial analysis. The optimal parameters are explored as the best combination of spatial data discretization method, break number of spatial strata, and spatial scale parameter. In the study, the OPGD model is applied in three example cases with different types of spatial data, including spatial raster data, spatial point or areal statistical data, and spatial line segment data, and an R "GD" package is developed for computation. Results show that the parameter optimization process can further extract geographical characteristics and information contained in spatial explanatory variables in the geographical detector model. The improved model can be flexibly applied in both global and regional spatial analysis for various types of spatial data. Thus, the OPGD model can improve the overall capacity of spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. The OPGD model and its diverse solutions can contribute to more accurate, flexible, and efficient spatial heterogeneity analysis, such as spatial patterns investigation and spatial factor explorations.
Heavy metal pollution in soils has attracted great attention worldwide in recent decades. Selecting Hangzhou as a case study location, this research proposed the synthesis application of positive ...matrix factorization (PMF) and GeogDetector models for quantitative analysis of pollution sources, which is the basis for subsequent soil pollution prevention and remediation. In total, 2150 surface soil samples were collected across the study area. Although the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in the soils were lower than the National Environmental Quality Standards for Soils in China, the mean contents of As and Cd were higher than their corresponding local background values by approximately 1.31 and 1.59 times, respectively, indicating that heavy metals have been enriched in topsoil. Agricultural activities, industrial activities, and soil parent materials were the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the soils, accounting for 63.4%, 19.8%, and 16.8% of the total heavy metal accumulation, respectively. Cr was derived mainly from soil parent materials (80.72%). Cd was closely associated with agricultural activities (73.68%), such as sewage irrigation and application of fertilizer. Mercury was mainly attributed to industrial activities (92.38%), such as coal mining and smelting. As was related to agricultural (57.83%) and natural (35.56%) sources, and Pb was associated with industrial (42.42%) and natural (41.83%) sources. The new synthesis models are useful for estimating the source apportionment of heavy metals in soils.
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•A novel framework based on spatial analysis for source apportionment is proposed.•Combined with auxiliary data, the new model provides foundations for source analysis.•Cr (80.72%) was derived mainly from natural sources while As and Pb had mix sources.•Cd (73.68%) was closely associated with agricultural activities.•Hg (92.38%) was mainly attributed to industrial activities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show that the mobility of individuals was ...effectively reduced in multiple countries. However, it remains unclear whether these reductions caused deeper structural changes in mobility networks and how such changes may affect dynamic processes on the network. Here we use movement data of mobile phone users to show that mobility in Germany has not only been reduced considerably: Lockdown measures caused substantial and long-lasting structural changes in the mobility network. We find that long-distance travel was reduced disproportionately strongly. The trimming of long-range network connectivity leads to a more local, clustered network and a moderation of the “small-world” effect. We demonstrate that these structural changes have a considerable effect on epidemic spreading processes by “flattening” the epidemic curve and delaying the spread to geographically distant regions.
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