Aim: 1. To disentangle the effects of local environmental conditions and space at multiple scales in order to uncover and explain biogeographical signals in microbial communities of freshwater ...diatoms. 2. To assess the role of species traits related to dispersal capacities in diatom biogeography. Location: Rivers and streams of Sweden sampled over a total area of 450,000 km2. Methods: We used partial redundancy analyses and variation partitioning coupled with spatial eigenfunctions analyses to separate the effects of environment and space at three different scales on diatoms community structure. As community analyses might give limited insight into species-specific mechanisms, we also performed species by species variation partitioning and the amount of variance explained by each fraction was related to species cell length and attachment to the substrate. Results: We found a strong effect of environment and space at a large scale suggesting environmental filtering and dispersal limitation over large distances. Additionally, species-based analyses uncovered an effect of space at fine scale suggesting possible species-specific mass effect dynamic or species sorting driven by missing environmental factors varying at fine scale. Environmental and spatial effects varied strongly among species, but this variation was not explained by cell length and attachment to the substrate. Main conclusions: Our results confirm the importance of both environment and dispersal-related processes in controlling diatom community structure and bring new perspectives on the role of dispersal in shaping microbial communities at biogeographical scale. Dispersal being a species-specific mechanism, species associations are not necessarily conserved from site to site and species-based approaches can detect different spatial patterns than those derived from traditional community analyses. Contrary to the conclusions of small-scale analysis of connected metacommunities, interspecific trait variation seems to be of limited importance for long-distance overland dispersal in diatoms.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
As data at progressively granular spatial scales become available, the temptation is to target interventions to areas with higher malaria transmission – so-called hotspots – with the aim of reducing ...transmission in the wider community. This paper reviews literature to determine if hotspots are an intrinsic feature of malaria epidemiology and whether current evidence supports hotspot-targeted interventions. Hotspots are a consistent feature of malaria transmission at all endemicities. The smallest spatial unit capable of supporting transmission is the household, where peri-domestic transmission occurs. Whilst the value of focusing interventions to high-burden areas is evident, there is currently limited evidence that local-scale hotspots fuel transmission. As boundaries are often uncertain, there is no conclusive evidence that hotspot-targeted interventions accelerate malaria elimination.
•Hotspots are an intrinsic part of malaria transmission biology.•The size of hotspots depends on the spatial resolution of the input data with important implications for any resulting inference.•Where an infectious mosquito/human interacts with a susceptible human/mosquito determines the unit of transmission. The underlying transmission unit is currently unclear and may involve complex nested spatial scales.•Infections are more likely to be related when detected closely in space and time; advances in parasite genetic analysis are needed to allow the elucidation of transmission networks at local spatial scales and inform the optimum scale at which interventions need to be undertaken.•Evidence for impact on transmission as a result of hotspot-targeted strategies has been limited but is likely due to confounding factors and an incomplete understanding of spatial transmission dynamics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Civil society is seen as a key actor within and for global development. However, spatial representations of civil society within the global development landscape are dominated by scale, place, and ...verticality, neglecting more relational understandings of civic participation. Engaging with archipelagic thinking, drawn from the work of Édouard Glissant, Derek Walcott, and others, this paper makes a case for thinking about civil society through archipelagic relational ontologies. By employing an archipelagic lens to empirical material from research with civil society groups in Barbados and Grenada, the paper explores the relational creativity and metamorphic transformations that are part of civil society action. Utilising an archipelagic lens to think about civil society organising emphasises how civil society activity is produced, performed, and operationalised through creative relational arrangements that span (and contest) dominant spatial categories. For civil society actors this ‘metamorphic creativity’ – the crafting of these relations, the bringing together of ‘bits and pieces’, and the transforming and reworking of these relations to produce new forms and spaces of civic activity – is key to sustaining civil society and their own civic identities. This illustrates the creative, yet fragile nature of civil society, concluding that through these metamorphic relations civil society actors foster new civic spaces and identities, yet civil society simultaneously may also be constituted through, and potentially (re)produce (new) hierarchies of power.
Short
Civil society is seen as a key actor within and for global development. However, spatial representations of civil society within the global development landscape tend to neglect relational understandings of civic participation. This paper engages with archipelagic thinking to explore the importance of creative relationalities for civil society organising.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Clusterorganisationen setzen Clusterpolitik in die Praxis um und prägen ihre Wirkung damit in hohem Maße. Der Handlungsspielraum der Clusterorganisationen wird dabei stark durch Interaktionen mit den ...zu fördernden Unternehmen, der Politik und weiteren Förderakteuren beeinflusst. Für eine fundierte Beratung der Clusterförderung sollte man diese Einflussfaktoren kennen und ernst nehmen, da sie die Stärken, Schwächen und Potenziale der Clusterorganisationen mitgestalten. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie bayerische Clusterorganisationen die Clustertheorien in praktische Aktivitäten umsetzen und wie sie dabei durch andere Akteure in ihrem Umfeld beeinflusst werden. Dabei wird zwischen institutionellen und strukturellen Einflussfaktoren unterschieden. Institutionelle Einflussfaktoren beziehen sich auf soziale Institutionen, die andere Akteure an die Clusterorganisationen herantragen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Akteure die Arbeit der Clusterorganisationen zwar in hohem Maße prägen, aber nur in wenigen Fällen ernsthaft behindern. Position und Aufgaben der Clusterorganisationen innerhalb des gesamten Fördersystems erzeugen strukturelle Einflussfaktoren. Diese führen dazu, dass die Clusterorganisationen jenseits des Aufbaus von clusterinternen Netzwerken nur eingeschränkte Handlungsmöglichkeiten haben und für eine umfassende Clusterförderung auf Kooperationen mit anderen Förderakteuren angewiesen sind.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This article provides an approach to the geographic and quantitative interpretation of tourism intensification, drawing on the concepts of fractals, and fractal dimension (D). Exploring tourism ...intensification in Lisbon, we first present a geographic construct that represents the spatial layout of tourism based on crowd-contributed spatial signatures advocating a collective sense of the “tourist city”. Then, we assess the tourism-related intensification patterns, based on the estimation of D, for different years. Significant statistical associations can be found between D and tourism intensification across the urban space. Intensification on tourism cores is more homogeneously distributed, yet it evolves into a more compact form of spatial organization. On the other hand, there is a decline in the degree of homogeneity of tourism intensification from tourism cores to the periphery. This approach has also proved useful for exploring tourism intensification in destinations at different hierarchical levels, such as in Lisbon and Oporto metropolitan areas.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We develop a new model of economic growth that fully accounts for the spatial dependence of the flows of workers and capital on salaries and returns. Considering a rather general setting in which we ...do not require the knowledge of the exact expressions of the production function and the population growth rate, we allow for a strictly positive steady state in which labor, capital, wages, and returns on capital are constant in space. Then, we establish the stability of such an equilibrium using the theory of abstract non-linear parabolic problems and analyzing the spectral properties of the derivative of the operator that describes the coupled dynamics of labor and capital. We present numerical simulations which agree with our theoretical investigation and show that the proposed model allows us to detect interesting transitional dynamics that the standard Solow model does not capture. In particular, we see how the migration of labor can slow down the process of wage convergence at some spatial locations and how the flow of workers, interacting with population dynamics, can reduce economic growth in countries where both developed and underdeveloped regions are present.
•A new model of economic growth with migration of capital and labor is proposed.•The effect of differences in returns on the migration of labor and capital is considered.•Capital and labor follow a non-linear (coupled) spatial dynamics.•Local non-linear stability of a spatially uniform equilibrium solution is proved.•The stability analysis is performed using the theory of abstract evolution problems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The economic and mortality impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been widely discussed, but there is limited evidence on their relationship across demographic and geographic groups. We use publicly ...available monthly data from January 2011 through April 2020 on all-cause death counts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and employment from the Current Population Survey to estimate excess all-cause mortality and employment displacement in April 2020 in the United States. We report results nationally and separately by state and by age group. Nationally, excess all-cause mortality was 2.4 per 10,000 individuals (about 30% higher than reported COVID deaths in April) and employment displacement was 9.9 per 100 individuals. Across age groups 25 y and older, excess mortality was negatively correlated with economic damage; excess mortality was largest among the oldest (individuals 85 y and over: 39.0 per 10,000), while employment displacement was largest among the youngest (individuals 25 to 44 y: 11.6 per 100 individuals). Across states, employment displacement was positively correlated with excess mortality (correlation = 0.29). However, mortality was highly concentrated geographically, with the top two states (New York and New Jersey) each experiencing over 10 excess deaths per 10,000 and accounting for about half of national excess mortality. By contrast, employment displacement was more geographically spread, with the states with the largest point estimates (Nevada and Michigan) each experiencing over 16 percentage points employment displacement but accounting for only 7% of the national displacement. These results suggest that policy responses may differentially affect generations and geographies.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
PrEP uptake in the Netherlands is growing but remains at suboptimal levels. Hence, the analysis of hurdles is paramount. Given the initial focus of PrEP provision among men-who-have-sex-with-men ...(MSM) via a demonstration project that was launched in June 2015, AmPrEP in Amsterdam, and pharmacies in the main urban areas (so called “Randstad”, entailing Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague and Rotterdam), investigating regional differences is necessary. This study seeks to unravel regional differences jointly with the psycho-social determinants of PrEP uptake. This cross-sectional study included 3232 HIV-negative MSM recruited via the Dutch subsample of the European-MSM-Internet-Survey in late 2017 (EMIS-2017), which aimed to inform interventions for MSM who are highly affected by infections with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Prevalence and the standardised prevalence ratio (SPR) of PrEP awareness, intention and uptake were measured on a regional level (Randstad vs. the rest of the country). Multi-level logistic modelling was conducted to identify the association of PrEP uptake with PrEP awareness and intention, socio-demographic, psycho-social determinants and random effects from regional differences. MSM from the Randstad used more PrEP (SPR = 1.4 vs. 0.7) compared to the rest of the country, but there were minor differences for awareness and intention. The regional distinction was estimated to explain 4.6% of the PrEP use variance. We observed a greater influence from PrEP intention (aOR = 4.5, 95% CI 2.0–10.1), while there was limited influence from the awareness of PrEP (aOR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.04–4.4). Lower education (aOR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.9) was negatively associated with PrEP uptake; however, no significant difference was found between middle (aOR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.7–2.0) and high education. We showed that regional differences—MSM in non-urban regions—and other psycho-social determinants account for lower PrEP uptake. Based on these findings, more fine-tuned PrEP access with a focus on non-urban regions can be implemented, and tailored campaigns increasing intention/use can be conducted among target populations.
A key challenge of ecosystem management is determining how to manage multiple ecosystem services across landscapes. Enhancing important provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber, often ...leads to tradeoffs between regulating and cultural ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, flood protection, and tourism. We developed a framework for analyzing the provision of multiple ecosystem services across landscapes and present an empirical demonstration of ecosystem service bundles, sets of services that appear together repeatedly. Ecosystem service bundles were identified by analyzing the spatial patterns of 12 ecosystem services in a mixed-use landscape consisting of 137 municipalities in Quebec, Canada. We identified six types of ecosystem service bundles and were able to link these bundles to areas on the landscape characterized by distinct social-ecological dynamics. Our results show landscape-scale tradeoffs between provisioning and almost all regulating and cultural ecosystem services, and they show that a greater diversity of ecosystem services is positively correlated with the provision of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem service-bundle analysis can identify areas on a landscape where ecosystem management has produced exceptionally desirable or undesirable sets of ecosystem services.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Uganda has a high incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB). Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of TB is an important tool for supporting spatial decision-making, planning, and policy ...formulations; however, this information is not readily available in Uganda. We determined the spatial distribution and temporal trends of tuberculosis notifications in Uganda, 2013-2022.
We conducted a retrospective analysis of routinely-generated program data reported through the National TB and Leprosy Programme (NTLP) surveillance system. We abstracted data on all TB cases diagnosed from 2013 to 2022 by district and region. We drew choropleth maps for Uganda showing the TB case notification rates (CNR) per 100,000 and calculated the CNR using the cases per district as the numerator and individual district populations as the denominators. Population estimates were obtained from the 2014 National Population and Housing Census, and a national growth rate of 3% was used to estimate the annual population increase.
Over the entire study period, 568,957 cases of TB were reported in Uganda. There was a 6% annual increase in TB CNR reported from 2013 (134/100,000) to 2022 (213/100,000) (p-value for trend p < 0.00001). Cases were reported from all 12 Ministry of Health regions during the entire period. The distribution of CNR was heterogeneous throughout the country and over time. Moroto, Napak and Kampala districts had consistently high CNR throughout the ten years. Kalangala district had lower CNR from 2013 to 2018 but high CNR from 2019 to 2022. Moroto region, in the northeast, had consistently high CNR while Mbale and Soroti regions in Eastern Uganda had the lowest CNR throughout the ten years.
There was an overall increasing trend in TB CNR from 2013 to 2022. We recommend that the National TB program institutes intensified measures aided by more funding to mitigate and reverse the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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