Because of the uneven distribution of territorial power and autonomy, cities in lower positions in China's urban hierarchical system are typically disadvantageous in obtaining vital and timely ...political and economic resources. Applying the theoretical discourse of spatial selectivity in state space production, this study focuses on the territorial dimension of spatial strategies and investigates how local spatial selectivity strategies have unfolded in Bengbu and Chuzhou, two third-tier cities in Anhui Province. The research finds that while lower-tier cities endeavor to use spatial selectivity and advocate new administrative and economic spaces by making connections to higher-tier cities, their spatial strategies overlook insufficient interconnections with their peers. Territorial status categorization, spatial relational adjustment, and administrative boundary realignment may have adverse effects when the mismatch between their targeted places and proposed functions occurs. Institutional reconfigurations through rescaled government and multi-level and cross-regional governance network are not common in lower-tier city's spatial strategies.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Dutch planning system has been widely feted as a coordinated, ‘plan-led’ and evidence-informed system that has been successfully implemented, resulting in sensitive land management, an absence of ...urban sprawl and the protection of ‘green areas’. However, at least since the 1970s, the reality has been somewhat different. This paper reviews Dutch planning history over the past fifty years to highlight in particular the challenge of implementation. The paper also reviews the current challenges facing Dutch planners and provides some international reflection from Dutch experiences for Irish planners.
Large-scale urban development projects have become the main vehicle by which targeted interventions for place- and scale-specific state initiatives unfold, triggering a series of processes that are ...associated with the rescaling of state space. This study aims to understand the place-specific conditions, pathways and strategies whereby states’ spatial and scalar restructuring takes place in urban development projects (UDPs) within China’s political economic contexts, and in turn how UDPs act as critical lenses for viewing the changing nature of state spatial strategy in China, through a case study of the Lingang New Town in Shanghai. The major findings are: UDPs in China function as tools not just for land value extraction but also for scale-making to cater to the state’s pursuits of place-specific competitiveness in the global economy; the restructuring of the state apparatus and regulatory frameworks is driven by place-specific tensions and crises triggered by earlier rounds of state rescaling; the state chose state-agents rather than market-agents to reinforce its power, and thus the state space expands through development of UDPs; through developing UDPs, China’s spatial strategies have explicitly and officially engaged with the discourse of globalisation while implicitly engaging with geographically variegated practices of neoliberalisation. At the theoretical level, this article facilitates an investigation of how China’s state spatial strategy, characterised by geographically and chronologically variegated engagement with neoliberalism, is actualised through UDPs. It also demonstrates how, despite being a socialist polity, pragmatic market measures and downscaling are taken as transient measures in times of need.
大规模的城市发展项目已成为针对特定地点和规模的国家计划进行有针对性的干预的主要手段，从而引发了一系列与国家空间调整相关的过程。通过上海临港新城的案例研究，本研究旨在了解特定地点的某些条件、途径和策略，这些条件、途径和策略构成了在中国的政治经济背景下在城市发展项目（UDP）中进行国家空间和标量重组的媒介。在此基础上，本研究探讨如何将UDP作为一个关键透镜，用来观察不断变化的中国国家空间战略的面貌。主要结论是：中国的UDP不仅是土地价值提取的工具，而且是规模发展的工具，可以满足国家对全球经济中特定地点竞争力的追求。国家机构和监管框架的重组是由前几轮国家规模调整引发的特定地区的紧张局势和危机驱动的；国家选择了国家机器而不是市场力量来增强其权力，因此国家空间通过UDP的开发来扩展。通过开发UDP，中国的空间战略已明确并正式参与了全球化的讨论，同时隐含了新自由主义在地理上多样化的实践。在理论层面，本文有助于研究以地理和时间上多样化参与新自由主义为特征的中国国家空间战略如何通过UDP得以实现。它还表明，尽管中国是社会主义政体，但务实的市场措施和降尺度措施如何作为临时措施在需要时被采用。
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper aims to explore various spatial strategies in urban operations, particularly operation of collective kitchen as a form of the urban system. Through the tracing of micro spatial practice, ...this paper expands the idea of domestic in urban design discourse. This paper uses a case study method to investigate urban kitchen system in Kampung Bustaman, Semarang, Indonesia, where cooking operations are part of everyday life that is carried out collectively. It shows that the kampung’s everyday operations generate the system of an urban kitchen, where domestic activities shift from the household to become integrated into society, challenging the dualities between domestic and urban space. The mapping of the everyday operations reveals hidden systems of society where connectivity and spatial negotiations play important role. This paper introduces the idea of the urban kitchen as a form of urban system that is transformative, dynamic, and flexible that is driven by collective domestic operations.
Spatial ability is an influential factor for academic performance in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. However, the roles of spatial strategies are unclear. ...Therefore, coupling with virtual Starmaze developed by fields of cognitive neuroscience, this study aimed to explore spatial strategy among STEM students and its role in academic performance. A virtual Starmaze was constructed to test how students complete a navigation test. A total of 172 college students majoring in STEM participated in this study. Modeling analysis showed students tend to use allocentric strategy when the difficulty of spatial tasks increased. Results further showed students with high STEM academic performance tended to use allocentric strategy while ones with low STEM academic performance tended to use egocentric strategy. Specifically, academic performances in science and mathematics learning were associated with the allocentric strategy, while academic performances in technology and engineering learning were associated with proficiency and hands-on ability.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•Good and bad navigators use different strategies for spatial orientation.•Spatial strategies used to navigate the environment may predict driving behavior.•An accurate mental map of the environment ...allows to have good driving skills.•Good navigators drive without incurring in violations and fines.•Bad navigators drive committing both errors and violations.
How people acquire environmental information brings out individual differences that are extremely large and robust. We assume that different spatial strategies used to represent, explore and move through the environment may predict risky driving behaviour.
Here, we investigated spatial strategies and driving behaviour in 167 college students (86 women) using the following tests: the Spatial Cognitive Style Test, aimed at assessing spatial strategies characterized by different degrees of spatial competences (ranging from landmark, route to survey); the Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire, aimed at assessing errors, lapses, ordinary and aggressive Highway Code violations; the Attitude toward Road Safety Issues, aimed at assessing road safety attitudes related to driving.
A series of regression analysis showed that spatial strategy used by drivers predicted the number of errors, lapses, ordinary and aggressive violations, as well as the number of road-safety behaviours. In conclusion, our results suggest that drivers preferring a survey strategy are much more able to make correct spatial decisions. Specifically, they are more confident about their spatial competence that in turn makes them less aggressive towards other drivers. Our findings suggest that good navigators travel without incurring in violations and fines. Implications regarding the possibility to use spatial navigational training to improve driving skills and release driving licence, as well as limitations of the study are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members have experienced tremendous transformation in their smart cities in recent years. Every GCC nation has its own urban planning authority to manage urban growth ...and development since its independence from British rule. These planning agencies create strategies, plans, rules, and oversee the building process. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis, cross-border comparisons, and the generation of insights that contribute to a deeper understanding of urban planning dynamics and strategies within the Gulf Cooperation Council. The objective of this article is to examine the national spatial strategies (NSS) and vision plans of GCC countries. This study discusses the existing methods, plans, and efforts to accomplish this goal while emphasizing prospective opportunities, problems, and difficulties. We used the SWOT method to evaluate the national vision plans of GCC countries. The analysis identifies successful outcomes that the GCC countries have already achieved in terms of their national spatial strategies. The weakness in the current strategies is oil dependency, which could be strengthened. Potential opportunities in the tourism sector need to be taken full advantage of, and potential threats, like regional tension, need to be managed to prevent the failure of the development of the existing urban system. The primary suggestion entails executing programs outlined by the respective line ministries and ensuring efficient management of urban spatial expansion by municipal authorities. However, the findings could serve as lessons for those at the helm of affairs in GCC countries to collaborate and achieve a comprehensive national strategic plan.
•A spatially-explicit stochastic model of wild pig population dynamics with social dynamics and spatio-temporal management strategies.•Zonation was the most effective and efficient spatial strategy ...regardless of landscape; better than targeting areas where density is highest.•Prioritizing culling during low-birthing period increased control effectiveness and efficiency, but effects were weaker than spatial culling.•Effects of temporal prioritization depended on spatial strategy and culling intensity.•Spatially-explicit model predicted lower culling intensity thresholds for population reduction than harvesting theory from logistic models.
Understanding effectiveness of control strategies of pest species is fundamental for planning efficient and cost-effective management programs. In addition to culling rates, there are many potential factors that can determine efficiency of different management strategies, including demographic processes such as immigration rates, birth dynamics, and spatial ecology. We developed a stochastic, data-based simulation model of feral swine population dynamics which accounted for social dynamics in space. We tested the impacts of different spatio-temporal management strategies (i.e., culling rates, timing of culling during the year, spatial pattern of culling and strength of a barrier to immigration) on population response and efficiency. The spatial culling strategy dramatically impacted efficiency of control – using zonation required removal of fewer pigs (up to 46% less) to achieve similar reductions compared with other spatial strategies. Also, our spatially-explicit model predicted that lower culling intensities could be used to achieve population reductions when zonation was applied relative to predictions from harvesting theory based on simple logistic models. As culling intensity increased (≥50% of target population annually) and the target population reached low density (<5% of original density), effects of spatial strategy became less pronounced relative to immigration barrier effects. Lastly, for the same level of moderate culling effort, prioritization of culling during the low-birthing period generally resulted in faster population reduction to near zero abundance relative to prioritization during the high-birthing period, or spreading the work over a year period, but the significance of this effect depended on the spatial culling strategy and culling intensity. Our results imply that continually updating knowledge of current abundance during management may not only be important for determining culling quotas, but also for updating and optimizing management strategies. When the management goal is maximum population control, consideration of birth and spatial dynamics can increase return on management effort and bring to light management inefficiencies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
China's administrative division adjustments (ADAs) reallocate resources and power under a unitary centralized structure. Using national-level data for 2001-2017, this study analyzed the likelihood of ...ADAs of counties or county-level cities through the events of history analysis method (EHA). The results revealed that county-level local economic factors (value added by first industry, value added by second industry, fiscal revenue, and urban fixed-asset investments) and particularly national strategic factors (promotion of city-regions, frontier location, strategic initiative location) significantly predicted adjustments. The findings verified that economic factors account for ADAs. Additionally, the strategies for creating city regions are a major motive for ADAs. ADAs were performed as spatial strategies in privileged areas to realize national goals for cities, city clusters and frontiers. Governments try to accomplish national strategies and promote spatial governance capacities by territorial urbanization and rescaling administrative power, which crystallizes the practice of state spatial selectivity. However, national spatial strategies should balance efficiency with equality among regions, meaning that the logics of different ADA types differ. Our study enriches the theory of territorial urbanization and contributes to the existing literature by providing a quantitative analysis and thick descriptions of factors facilitating the reconfiguration of state space in China.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The potential of augmented reality (AR) technology for the study of spatial memory and orientation is a new research field. AR defines systems that attempt to enhance the user's experience with the ...physical world. In our app, we enhance the sense of sight by adding interactive 3D elements to the real environment. Our app can be used in any real environment so that the experimental conditions during the tasks and the way in which an individual navigates are similar to those used in real life. With AR, the experimenter has a high level of control of the task and can store the participant's responses accurately. The classical factors that influence an individual's performance on virtual spatial tasks are gender and cognitive factors. The influence of emotional factors on spatial performance has been studied more recently. Since AR tasks for the study of spatial memory and spatial orientation are new developments, little is known about the factors that are related to performance on tasks of this type. In our study, we tested 46 young adults (26 women) in an AR object-location task that was performed in a building. The participants had to memorize the position of eight virtual objects while they were walking through the environment. We also assessed the participants' performance on an object-recall task, a map-pointing task, and a paper-and-pencil spatial orientation task. The self-reported importance of different spatial strategies for wayfinding and the levels of trait anxiety and wayfinding anxiety were also evaluated. Our findings indicate that men performed better on the spatial paper-and-pencil test and spent more time completing the learning phase of the AR task. The spatial memory for the location of the objects in AR and on the map correlated positively. Anxiety was related to individual differences in the self-reported use of a spatial orientation strategy, but the association among them was weak. Trait anxiety was positively related to the time employed by the participants during the learning phase of the AR task, whereas wayfinding anxiety correlated negatively with the preference for an orientation strategy. Our results highlight the importance of anxiety in spatial orientation.
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