The present study aimed to identify the collective tactical decisions from a high-level football team, by analysing team length, width and surface area in offensive and defensive phase. The sample ...was composed by six competitive matches, played against stronger and weaker level opponents. Multidimensional qualitative data was obtained using a computerized match analysis system (AMISCO®). The data was analysed using non-linear signal processing tools, such as relative phase to access coordination modes between teams and approximate entropy (ApEn) to measure randomness in each time-series. The results allowed identifying higher offensive length, width and surface area frequencies when playing against weaker teams. On the other hand, higher defensive length, width and surface area frequencies were found against stronger teams. In addition, the ApEn results of surface area shown that tactical behaviour tends to be repeated during the match, both in offensive and defensive phase. The present results contributed to better understand the use of pitch space and the team strategic framework, helping coaches to improve the accuracy of strategic planning.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
•Invasive annual grasses pose a widespread threat to western rangelands, and a strategic and proactive approach is needed to tackle this problem.•Oregon partners used new spatial data to develop a ...geographic strategy for management of invasive annual grasses at landscape scales across jurisdictional boundaries. The geographic strategy considers annual and perennial herbaceous cover along with site resilience and resistance in categorizing areas into intact core, transitioning, and degraded areas.•The geographic strategy provides 1) a conceptual framework for proactive management, building upon similar work recently begun across the Great Basin, and 2) multi-scale spatial products for both policymakers and local managers to identify strategic areas for investment of limited resources.•These spatial products can be used by Oregon partners to generate a shared vision of success, facilitate proactive management to “defend and grow the core,” and collaboratively develop meaningful and realistic goals and strategies for management of annual grasses at landscape scales.
This paper explores the idea of "squeezing" as a way of integrating the space of cooking for commercial practice and other domestic-related activities within a limited setting. Such integration of ...the traditional fish curing space observed in this study arguably demonstrates squeezing as a spatial strategy, which invites further operations. This paper believes that squeezing operates not only temporally but also spatially, expanding the idea of the kitchen as a space constituted of multiple ministrategies. This paper investigates such spatial strategy of a smokehouse in Central Java, Indonesia, that performs traditional fish curing and simultaneously other domestic needs as their everyday practice. Observations and interviews were conducted to map the changes and movement of activities and stuff during the fish curing activity in a limited setting. The squeezing is characterized by the ministrategies and generates a cooking space with layered and nested spaces. These findings urge further discussion of everyday spatial organization as well as enriching the idea of functional flexibility and adaptability, particularly of the traditional food production setting.
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Under emergencies such as floods and fires or during indoor navigation where cues from local landmarks and a Global Positioning System (GPS) are no longer available, the acquisition of comprehensive ...environmental representation becomes particularly important. Several studies demonstrated that individual differences in cognitive style might play an important role in creating a complete environmental representation and spatial navigation. However, this relationship between cognitive style and spatial navigation is not well researched. This study hypothesized that a specific type of map orientation (north-up vs. forward-up) might be more efficient for individuals with different cognitive styles. Forty participants were recruited to perform spatial tasks in a virtual maze environment to understand how cognitive style may relate to spatial navigation abilities, particularly the acquisition of survey and route knowledge. To measure survey knowledge, pointing direction tests and sketch map tests were employed, whereas, for route knowledge, the landmark sequencing test and route retracing test were employed. The results showed that both field-dependent and field-independent participants showed more accurate canonical organization in their sketch map task with a north-up map than with a forward-up map, with field-independent participants outperforming field-dependent participants in canonical organization scores. The map orientation did not influence the performance of Field-Independent participants on the pointing direct test, with field-dependent participants showing higher angular error with north-up maps. Regarding route knowledge, field-independent participants had more accurate responses in the landmark sequencing tests with a north-up map than with a forward-up map. On the other hand, field-dependent participants had higher accuracy in landmark sequencing tests in the forward-up map condition than in the north-up map condition. In the route retracing test, however, the map orientation had no statistically significant effect on different cognitive style groups. The results indicate that cognitive style may affect the relationship between map orientation and spatial knowledge acquisition.
•Polymorphy opens our view for multifaceted realities and the transformative potential of social movements.•Polymorphy is especially strong as a de-fetishizing criticism of simplifying ...spatialities.•The concepts of territoriality, scale, place, and networks are especially open for different realities and empirically grounded research.•Polymorphy reveals Argentinean neighbourhood activism as responding to dominant processes of rescaling and territorialization.
Simplified notions of spaces of contention run the risk of misjudging and silencing the multifaceted reality of social movements. Spatial concepts like scale, place, networks, and territory are valuable complements in this regard and offer supplementary insights into political action in general and social movement action in particular. Thus, adopting a polymorphic approach can help to overcome misleading simplifications and to disclose the transformative potential of diverse social movements.
Nevertheless, polymorphy is very demanding as a guidance for the thorough representation of realities and difficult to close as a self-contained account. I argue that this does not represent a lack of conceptual closure but the precise strength of polymorphic frameworks based on scale, place, networks, and territory. Bringing together the de-fetishizing qualities of the four concepts, polymorphy is particularly open to different realities and empirically grounded research that gives way to path dependency.
This is exemplified with the Argentinean movement strategy called “trabajo territorial”, a widespread call for neighbourhood-based community action. Following the course of one neighbourhood assembly, I show how polymorphy opens our view for multifaceted realities and the transformative potential of seemingly constricted social movements in the Global South. It is thus also a methodological tool to build a bridge between specified area studies of the Global South and the Global North as well as between postcolonial criticism and material geographies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Social learning can offer a useful lens to analyse multi-actor cooperation processes and their outcomes. In this paper, a conceptual framework based on learning theories is applied to a recent ...transnational spatial planning process in Central Europe to analyse how the cooperation agenda was shaped, a joint strategy developed, and to understand the possible policy effects of this process. The findings allow a reflection on the potentials of, and challenges for, multi-actor cooperation on spatial planning in large regions covering several countries.
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The Dutch planning system has been widely feted as a coordinated, 'plan-led' and evidence-informed system that has been successfully implemented, resulting in sensitive land management, an absence of ...urban sprawl and the protection of 'green areas'. However, at least since the 1970s, the reality has been somewhat different. This paper reviews Dutch planning history over the past fifty years to highlight in particular the challenge of implementation. The paper also reviews the current challenges facing Dutch planners and provides some international reflection from Dutch experiences for Irish planners.
Transportation is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in cities. Multiple strategies including green technologies, transport management, urban planning and behavior changes are required to ...mitigate transport emissions. This paper aims to introduce an analytical framework to investigate the impacts of different spatial-modal strategies on reducing commuting emissions. Based on the optimization approach of excess commuting, the proposed framework incorporates the minimum, maximum and random (unpredictable) travel outcomes to inform planning of an urban form embedded with fewer emissions. This analytical framework is applied to Hong Kong to estimate the emissions ranges (the minimum and maximum amounts) under 42 spatial-modal scenarios - a combination of six spatial strategies (status quo, monocentric, highly polycentric, moderately polycentric, dual-centric and tri-centric) and seven modal strategies (status quo, pro-rail (high), pro-rail (moderate), pro-bus (high), pro-bus (moderate), pro-car (high) and pro-car (moderate)). The findings illustrate the emissions impacts if Hong Kong is further developed following a job concentration or decentralization principle. It also indicates that if Hong Kong is reconstructed to be a city with multiple CBDs, a dual-centric strategy is desirable because both minimum and maximum commuting are shorter than that of a tri-centric strategy. Moreover, the modal strategy to actively promote rail usage shows more impacts on emissions reduction and car usage should be maintained at the current level. If commuter's travl is less predictable, the high rail usage under a dual-centric city form is a more sustainable spatial-modal strategy. The proposed analytical framework of city's commuting emissions affected by structural and modal changes is transferrable to other places and could offer planners different benchmarks of travel pattern to substantiate their sustainable city planning vision.
•This paper incorporates minimum, maximum and random commuting measures into a framework estimating travel emissions.•42 spatial-modal scenarios, covering monocentric and polycentric forms with various modal split, are investigated.•In Hong Kong, a highly polycentric model creates the largest commuting range and the dual-centric model is more desirable.•If travel choice is random and unpredictable, dual-centric-high-rail strategy could still reduce emissions in Hong Kong.•This transferrable framework helps planners formulate spatial-modal strategies to promote transport sustainability.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Cotton production makes an important contribution to the income of rural residents and the economy in Xinjiang province, which leads other provinces in terms of planted area, total production, and ...average yield of cotton in China. This study analyzed the competitiveness of cotton production in the study area using the efficiency advantage index (EAI), scale advantage index (SAI), and aggregated advantage index (AAI). Moreover, the factors influencing the productivity of cotton have been investigated by the use of ridge regression and correlation matrix using a dataset for the period 2005 to 2018. The results showed that cotton production had a large comparative advantage in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2018. The average of efficiency advantage index (EAI), scale advantage index (SAI), and aggregated advantage index (AAI) are 1.50, 12.96, and 4.35, respectively. Overall, Xinjiang cotton production has a higher planting scale advantage and productivity. By using ridge regression to calculate the impact of cotton production on agricultural output value in Xinjiang, the results showed that total cotton production, fiscal expenditure on agricultural support, total agricultural machinery power, and fertilizer use had significant positive effects, whereas cotton sown area, average cotton yield, and the proportion of affected area by insects and diseases had negative impact agricultural output value. The study implies the need for a implementing a well-thought and empirically backed plan to support cotton production based on comparative advantage for a specific area, building a cotton production standard system, reducing the cost of cotton production, and building a cotton risk-protection system to protect the interests of cotton farmers and promote the sustainable development of the cotton industry.
Chinese authorities created four new asset management companies (AMCs) in 1999. These have since undergone profound transformations which have been influential in China's contemporary integration ...into the world market. Conventional interpretations see these powerful AMCs in largely technical and asocial terms. By contrast, we employ a critical geographical analytical framework to understand the transformation of these AMCs as an expression of the state's spatial–temporal strategy to create conditions of political economic stability now by displacing the conditions of financial instability and crisis into the future. This strategy does not come without unintended and destabilizing consequences, nor is it without class-based social and political implications. 中国政府在 1999 年设立了四家资产管理公司，它们经历了重大变化，并对中国近年融入国际市场的过程影响深重。对这些庞大的资产管理公司的解读，一般都从技术性及非社会性的层面出发。相比之下，我们利用批判性的地理分析框架，把资产管理公司经历的变革理解为国家时空管理策略的表现。该策略企图把现存的金融不稳定及危机推延至未来，以制造现时的政治经济稳定。这策略的执行不仅藏有未遇见和不稳定的后果，亦为社会和政治上的阶级斗争带来启示。
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