The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship among anaerobic capacity, body composition, and sport level of male junior and senior speedway riders. Sixty riders of ...professional clubs in the Polish top motorcycle speedway league participated in this study. They were divided into two equal groups (
= 30): junior (age = 19.7 ± 1.1 years) and senior (age = 29.7 ± 5.2). Body composition assessment, Wingate test (WAnT) on cycloergometer, with analysis of acute cardiorespiratory and biochemical responses were performed. Sport level was defined as the number of heats (races) won, winning percentage, total points scored during the season, and average points scored per heat. Seniors had higher point ratings indicating sport levels. As compared to the seniors, the juniors had lower BMI 4% (
< 0.01) and fat tissue mass by 20.5% (
< 0.01). A higher power decrease of 2.3% (
< 0.05) in the WAnT test was found in seniors. Body height negatively correlated with all indicators of seniors' sport level (r = -0.41 to -0.55). Peak power output negatively correlated with seniors' sport level (r = -0.39 to -0.41). Among the seniors, there was a negative correlation between post-exercise hydrogen ion concentration (r = -0.38), carbon dioxide partial pressure (r = -0.45) and average points scored per season. Conclusion: The anthropometric characteristics of body height, lean body mass and body surface area, are significantly correlated with the sport levels of the seniors motorcycle speedway riders. When selecting motorcycle speedway riders, use of these anthropometric characteristics may aid in determining the riders with the most potential to be successful. Metabolic acidosis tolerance and gas exchange efficiency show significance in seniors, indicating the need for intense exercise sessions.
The purpose of this study was to compare body composition components and anaerobic capacity indices in elite motorcycle speedway riders before and after the competitive season. This study included 12 ...volunteer male motorcycle speedway riders from the highest speedway league in Poland (PGE Speedway Ekstraliga) (age: 22.7 ± 6.0 years, body height: 171.3 ± 4.0 cm, body weight: 62.5 ± 3.1 kg). Before and after the competitive season, an assessment of body composition and Wingate test (WAnT) on a cycle ergometer with analysis of acute cardiorespiratory and biochemical responses was conducted. Sport level for all riders was defined by the number of heats won (WS), the total number of points scored in all heats including bonus points (PTS + B), and the percentage of heats won (%W). The motorcycle speedway riders participated in an average of 75.3 ± 15.0 total heats (HS) and obtained PTS + B equal 136.8 ± 48.2. The anaerobic performance, body composition, cardiorespiratory and biochemical responses did not changed after the competitive season. The significant statistical correlations were noted between the differences in the Fatigue Index during WAnT and total number of heats (r = -0.61) and with PTS + B (r = -0.58). Positively correlations were observed also between HS and differences: fat mass (FM) (r = 0.60) and percentage of fat mass (r = 0.61) (all
< 0.05). These findings reveal that the HS during the competitive season is related to the stabilization of anaerobic capacity in the WAnT. The HS is positively correlated with an increase in fat mass, and additional fat mass can adversely affect athletic performance in speedway.
Purpose: to increase knowledge concerning certain elements of biological and psychological functioning of contestants practising speedway cycling through examining typical health behaviours, the ...mental approach, and preventive behaviours applied to everyday functioning. Material: the study sample consisted of 12 cycle speedway competitors (aged between 20 and 37, average 27.42±5.68). The research concerned a group of speedway riders, Polish national senior representatives in speedway cycling at the World Championship. The Standardized Inventory of Health Behaviours and our own questionnaire were applied. Results: the mean value of the general health behaviour index was 75.50±14.0 (N=12). The value of the coefficient between positive mental approach and satisfaction experienced by the competitors caused by progress within a year was r=0.62; p<0.05. In the group the value of the index of satisfaction caused by obtained progress in improving condition was: median 6.50. Based on the performed analysis, it was found that as for the health behaviour types in the group of cycle speedway competitors there were two smaller groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: based on the presented research results, we can say that a group of senior competitors representing Poland at the championship in 2015 in cycle speedway is internally divided with respect to the revealed health behaviour type. The findings of the study suggest that there are still potential opportunities to be used by competitors surveyed, which in the future may lead to continued excellent - as at present - and even better performance at competitive events.
This paper examines the post-war history of speedway, the ultimate provincial sport, comparing its development in Britain and Poland. On the basis of a variety of sources, including specialist press ...reports from both countries, interviews with former speedway riders, both academic and non-academic publications, and Internet fan forums, a narrative of the relationship between the Polish and British speedway worlds is built. Through this narrative the author explores speedway's peculiar economic vulnerability, and the reasons why the sport has lurched from one seeming crisis to another in both countries, as well as the shared geographical phenomenon that the strongholds of the sport have moved from the metropolis to medium sized towns.
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The season of the year 2020 was characterized by a number of difficulties and extraordinary organizational and management conditions for many sports disciplines. One of the disciplines most affected ...by the restrictions caused by the pandemic was motorcycle speedway. Suffice it to say that out of all European leagues, only the Polish league and the Swedish league completed the 2020 season. Moreover in both countries the games started with a long delay and were not preceded by typical preparatory activities for the season, such as sparring matches or individual tournaments. Focusing on Polish highest level league, the PGE Ekstraliga, the paper contains careful statistical and exploratory analysis of data sample encompassing seasons 2015 to 2020, aiming on discovery if and how season 2020 differed from previous ones. This analysis was carried out in the scope of three data sets with different levels of aggregation, concerning meetings, teams and heats of individual riders. The analysis covered the general performance of a whole sample o riders, performance and demographic structure of teams, and results of heat per rider, taking account rider's nationality and age. The results of the analysis made it possible to identify changes in selected metrics describing the effectiveness of teams and players, probably caused by structural difference of 2020 season. This allows for the formulation of conclusions supporting the management of the teams and clubs in decision making process concerning team's profile and riders and track preparation. Such conclusions can help coaches mitigate the impact of unfavorable external conditions on team quality and individual player preparation in similar circumstances in a future.
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In a difficult macroeconomic environment, managing a sport club and a sport team is not an easy task. It is a special challenge due to financial, demographic and organizational constraints arising ...and changing permanently. One of the main tasks faced by managers in the team sports is to build the optimal composition of the team, taking into account the measures that define the sports goal. The article discusses the problem of team structure optimization with the use of statistical data on the example of the Polish highest level speedway league, PGE Ekstraliga. Taking into account the demographic predictor (age of the riders) and the nationality of the riders, an analysis of the importance and impact of these predictors on the rider's performance was carried out. Using machine learning methods, the characteristic profiles of the riders, differing in effectiveness, were also indicated. The method used allows for local interpretation of prediction, as well. As a final step of the research an optimization mechanisms of team building was developed. The study proposes an optimization model supporting the decision making process of creation of the structure of the team registered for the meeting. Integer programming optimization mechanisms were constructed in concordance with possible financial and organizational constraints which could be faced by team managers. Models' validation with the use of numerical parameters' values showed their internal consistency and provided interesting decision's indications. Both machine learning method and optimization models can be develop further to cover more reach data sets and more managerial constraints or even could be tuned to be applied in the other team sports.
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Heat strain experienced by motorsport athletes competing in National Association for Stock Car Automobile Racing (NASCAR) may be significant enough to impair performance or even result in a ...life-threatening accident. There is a need to carefully quantify heat strain during actual NASCAR race competitions in order to faithfully represent the magnitude of the problem and conceptualize future mitigation practices. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the thermoregulatory and physiological strain associated with competitive stock car driving. Eight male stock car drivers (29.0±10.0yr; 176.2±3.3cm, 80.6±15.7kg) participated in sanctioned stock car races. Physiological measurements included intestinal core (Tc) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and body mass before and after completion of the race. Pre-race Tc was 38.1±0.1°C which increased to 38.6±0.2°C post-race (p=0.001). Tsk increased from 36.1±0.2°C pre-race to 37.3±0.3°C post-race (p=0.001) whereas the core-to-skin temperature gradient decreased from a pre-race value of 2.0±0.3°C to 1.3±0.3°C post-race (p=0.005). HRs post-race were 80±0.1% of the drivers' age-predicted maximum HR. Physiological Strain Index (PSI) post-race was 4.9, which indicates moderate strain. Drivers' thermal sensation based on the ASHRAE Scale increased from 1.3±0.5 to 2.8±0.4, and their perception of exertion (RPE) responses also increased from 8.4±1.6 to 13.9±1.8 after competition. Heat strain associated with competitive stock car racing is significant. These findings suggest the need for heat mitigation practices and provide evidence that motorsport should consider strategies to become heat acclimatized to better meet the thermoregulatory and cardiovascular challenges of motorsport competition.
•Drivers endure increased thermal and cardiovascular stress during stock car racing.•Competitive stock car racing in hot conditions may lead to large fluid losses.•Drivers should consider strategies to meet the thermoregulatory challenges.
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At speeds of over 230 miles per hour, the Indy open-wheel race cars set the bar for American Championship car racing. For over 100 years, the Indy cars and their drivers have drawn hundreds of ...thousands of spectators to Speedway, Indiana, with another 6 million people watching the race on television or by live stream. In The Winning Cars of the Indianapolis 500, James Craig Reinhardt, author and official tour guide for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, details the history of the famous race and how the open-wheel race cars have evolved over the last century. Starting in 1911 with the first running of the Indy 500, Reinhardt profiles each race and car, including the starting position, engine, tires, race speed, margin of victory, and much more. Featuring nearly 200 images of the automobiles and individuals who make the race renowned, this book showcases the top drivers and how racing has changed through two world wars, the Great Depression, and unforgettable accidents.
This beautifully illustrated book is a must-have for veteran and rookie race fans alike.
1. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race are based in the Midwest but have a global following. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum is involved with the book and will help promote it.
2. The book is designed as a coffee-table book with gorgeous pictures and will appeal to the veteran and casual race fans and those interested in the history of automobiles.
3. The Appendix includes easily referenced items in an organized manner such as "Winning Car Numbers," "Winning Chief Mechanics," "Rookie Winners," "Winners from the Pole Position," and others typically not found in one place.
Weekjournaal van Polygoon Hollands Nieuws van week 5 uit 1949.
Op een tennisbaan in Hilversum draaien jongens met valhelmen en rugnummers op speciale fietsen rondjes kort door de bocht. Ze oefenen ...hiermee vooral voetenwerk in de bochten als voorbereiding op echte speedway op motoren. De motorrenner B. van Hamersveld treedt op als tijdwaarnemer. Een valpartij recht vóór de camera sluit het item af.
On a tennis court in Hilversum, boys wearing crash helmets and wearing back numbers are doing laps on special bikes. They practice mainly footwork in the corners as a preparation for real speedway on ...motorcycles. The motor cyclist B. van Hamersveld will act as timekeeper. A fall right in front of the camera closes the item.
Cinema newsreels in which Dutch subjects of a certain week are presented.
Bioscoopjournaals waarin Nederlandse onderwerpen van een bepaalde week worden gepresenteerd.
Op een tennisbaan in Hilversum draaien jongens met valhelmen en rugnummers op speciale fietsen rondjes kort door de bocht. Ze oefenen hiermee vooral voetenwerk in de bochten als voorbereiding op echte speedway op motoren. De motorrenner B. van Hamersveld treedt op als tijdwaarnemer. Een valpartij recht vóór de camera sluit het item af.
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