The legalization of cannabis in Canada has accelerated the need for a standardized approach to measuring and communicating the amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis products. This ...article offers an overview of the considerations associated with establishing and implementing a standard THC unit in the Canadian context. The article begins by discussing the applications of a standard THC unit, emphasizing its potential use in product labelling, consumer education, and product reporting and surveillance. The article then examines key considerations for identifying what a Canadian THC unit should be set at, specifically within the context of a country with a regulated commercial cannabis market. This is followed by a discussion of additional considerations related to the adoption of a Canadian THC unit, including its use across various product formats and modes of administration. A significant focus of this article is on prioritizing public health and safety and informed decision-making among adult consumers as the legal cannabis market evolves. Collaboration among various stakeholders, such as government agencies, industry, and public health professionals, is highlighted as crucial for a successful transition to the use of Canada's THC unit.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background and Aims
Cannabis products are becoming increasingly diverse, and vary considerably in concentrations of ∆9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Higher doses of THC can ...increase the risk of harm from cannabis, while CBD may partially offset some of these effects. Lower Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines currently lack recommendations based on quantity of use, and could be improved by implementing standard units. However, there is currently no consensus on how units should be measured or standardized among different cannabis products or methods of administration.
Argument
Existing proposals for standard cannabis units have been based on specific methods of administration (e.g. joints) and these may not capture other methods, including pipes, bongs, blunts, dabbing, vaporizers, vape pens, edibles and liquids. Other proposals (e.g. grams of cannabis) cannot account for heterogeneity in THC concentrations among different cannabis products. Similar to alcohol units, we argue that standard cannabis units should reflect the quantity of primary active pharmacological constituents (dose of THC). On the basis of experimental and ecological data, public health considerations and existing policy, we propose that a ‘standard THC unit’ should be fixed at 5 mg THC for all cannabis products and methods of administration. If supported by sufficient evidence in future, consumption of standard CBD units might offer an additional strategy for harm reduction.
Conclusions
Standard ∆9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) units can potentially be applied among all cannabis products and methods of administration to guide consumers and promote safer patterns of use.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Abstract
Graphene quantum Hall effect (QHE) resistance standards have the potential to provide superior realizations of three key units in the new International System of Units (SI): the ohm, the ...ampere, and the kilogram (Kibble Balance). However, these prospects require different resistance values than practically achievable in single graphene devices (~12.9 kΩ), and they need bias currents two orders of magnitude higher than typical breakdown currents
I
C
~ 100 μA. Here we present experiments on quantization accuracy of a 236-element quantum Hall array (QHA), demonstrating R
K
/236 ≈ 109 Ω with 0.2 part-per-billion (nΩ/Ω) accuracy with
I
C
≥ 5 mA (~1 nΩ/Ω accuracy for
I
C
= 8.5 mA), using epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide (epigraphene). The array accuracy, comparable to the most precise universality tests of QHE, together with the scalability and reliability of this approach, pave the road for wider use of graphene in the new SI and beyond.
This paper proposes a prefabricated orthotropic steel-UHPC composite bridge deck consisting of standard units, which could be assembled conveniently in-situ to avoid the traditional complicated ...steaming curing of UHPC with high temperature. The standard unit can also be replaced separately under conditions of failures or local damage. This composite bridge deck can thus convincingly mitigate the fatigue problem in the orthotropic steel deck and also the pavement damage in traditional steel bridges. A parametric study of the composite bridge deck is performed together with the PBL shear connector to determine a reasonable design of the deck structure. The effects of some key structural parameters, such as the UHPC layer thickness, the steel deck plate thickness, the spacing and stiffness of the open rib, and the size of the PBL shear connectors, are carefully studied by the finite element model analysis. Based on the determined deck design, a full-scale experiment study is further executed to investigate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed structure. Results show that the failure mode of the structure is the yielding of stiffening ribs, while the UHPC panel under a tensile state works well. Moreover, as a new cement-based composite material, UHPC exhibits the improved tensile strength and a strong ability to limit the width of cracks after the test load is removed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
7.
The Standard Joint Unit Casajuana Kögel, Cristina; Balcells-Olivero, María Mercedes; López-Pelayo, Hugo ...
Drug and alcohol dependence,
07/2017, Volume:
176
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Highlights • Standard units exist for alcohol but not for cannabis. • A Standard Joint Unit (SJU) accounts for Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC) content. • It converts information typically given ...by cannabis users into 9-THC quantities. • 1 SJU = 1 joint of marihuana or hashish = 0.25 g of cannabis = 7 mg of 9-THC. • The SJU is useful for in clinical, epidemiological, and research purposes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Together, these methodological limitations seriously limit the quality of evidence for understanding relationships between the exposure (cannabis use) and outcomes of interest (such as mental health ...and brain development). Because the Standard THC Unit applies to all cannabis products and methods of administration, integration of this tool into developmental cohort studies holds promise for measuring youth cannabis use and its consequences. The iCannToolkit is a three-layered framework (e.g., universal measures, setting-dependent measures such as the timeline follow-back, and biological measures). ...the toolkit allows for flexibility in measuring cannabis exposure levels, depending on the costs (e.g., time and financial) and technical feasibility of the specific developmental cohort study that can change as a function of time. ...changes include the increase in potency of cannabis products with consequences for youth mental health and the developing brain.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
It is shown that the inert properties of a stationary random process can be expressed in terms of the ratio of its correlation interval τx to the doubled variance Dx. When using a fixed value of ...Planck’s constant h as a proportionality factor, the ratio hτx/2Dx has the dimension of a kilogram and can be used as an equivalent of a mass standard. It is proposed to use thermal (i.e., Johnson–Nyquist) noise as a reference Gaussian stationary random process. The theoretical substantiation of the project for the creation of “thermoelectric semiconductor ampere-balances” for balancing the inert mass of a quasi-ideal silicon-28 ball is also given. Combining these two projects can provide the basis for a stable and reproducible mass standard.
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