Već po ustaljenoj tradiciji, razmatranje nekih ključnih metodoloških pitanja popisa stanovništva, pre i posle izvršenih probnih popisa, izaziva pojačanu pažnju stručne javnosti. Nažalost, za većinu ...tih probnih popisa pa i za probne popise koji su prethodili redovnom popisu 1981. godine, ne može se reći da su ostvarili svoj primarni zadatak koji se sastojao u definisanju sadržaja redovnog popisa i empirijskoj proveri pouzdanosti metodološkog instrumentarija koji će pri njegovoj realizaciji biti primenjen. Sadržinska nepodudarnost probnih i redovnih popisa, kao i korišćenje ad hoc utvrđenih metodoloških rešenja u probnim popisima postaju, sudeći po dosadanjim iskustvima, prepoznatljive karakteristike jugoslovenske statističke prakse. U radu se, takođe, daje osvrt na neka važna metodološka sadržinska pitanja kao što su: 1) kategorizacija stanovništva prema "prisutnosti", 2) potreba za sadržinskom standardizacijom popisa i redukcijom broja pitanja na popisnim obrascima, 3) potreba za izradom adekvatnije statističke klasifikacije (tipologije) naselja, 4) mogućnosti za dobijanje "izvedenih" obeležja, 5) problemi vezani za realizaciju jedinstvenog projekta automatske obrade podataka, 6) utvrđivanje kriterijuma logičke kontrole i njihov uticaj na kvalitet podataka i dr.
Background and Originality: In our research we want to represent the advantages and disadvantages of scientific management and lean organisation. We selected four factors as the base for the analysis ...of advantages and disadvantages of scientific management and lean organisation: standardization of work, education of workers, division of labour and cooperation between management and workers. Method: As a method, we used text analysis that includes a critical analysis of different or conflicting perspectives on the principles of scientific management and lean organization. We searched for articles in the freely accessible Google Scholar scientific literature search engine. Results: Based on the studied literature, we found out that scientific management was successful because it satisfied most of the needs of the industrial society at the time. On the other hand, scientific management has limitations and decelerates innovative function in the modern industrial society. The principles of lean organisation supposed to dismiss the deficiencies of scientific management such as lack of motivation, monotonous work, and observation of human as a machine and non-compliance of human nature. However, it turned out that standardization of work, authorization of workers, lean management, teamwork and other factors of lean organisation also reaped similar critics as scientific management did. Society: The findings of this article may have theoretical and practical implications for those involved in running organizations. Limitations / further research: In the article, we discussed only the behaviorist aspect. Another limitation is the selected principles through which we observed the advantages and disadvantages of scientific management and lean organization. It would be interesting to extend the observation to other aspects and principles.
Istraživanje antimikrobnih učinaka biljnih ekstrakata i spojeva u proteklih nekoliko desetljeća zaokuplja interes brojnih znanstvenika zbog sve veće otpornosti bakterija na antibiotike. Najčešći i ...najviše proučavani sekundarni biljni metabolite su polifenoli – brojna i raznolika skupina fitokemikalija s dokazanim antibakterijskim djelovanjem. Međutim, istraživači koji proučavaju antimikrobni učinak prirodnih spojeva biljnoga podrijetla susreću se s brojnim preprekama, koje je potrebno prepoznati i izbjeći. Na rezultate ispitivanja antimikrobne osjetljivosti mogu utjecati brojni čimbenici, a izbor odgovarajuće metode ispitivanja od presudnog je značaja. Nepostojanje postupnika/smjernica za testiranje antimikrobnog učinka bioaktivnih prirodnih spojeva uvelike utječe na ujednačenost, analizu i usporedbu brojnih objavljenih rezultata. U načelu, samo primjena standardiziranih metoda osigurava dobivanje pouzdanih rezultata. Cilj je ovoga preglednog rada sustavno i kritički prikazati različite metode koje se koriste za ispitivanje antimikrobnog učinka polifenola te istaknuti potrebu za njihovom standardizacijom.
As multidrug resistance gains momentum, the last two decades have seen an ever-growing interest in the antimicrobial properties of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds. Most of the focus is on ...polyphenols – a large and diverse group of phytochemicals with strong antibacterial activity. Testing methods provide reliable results as long as they follow standard procedures. However, methods and procedures used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are often too diverse to allow comparison of results. The lack of uniformity and comparability is much owed to the absence of guidelines. The focus of this review is to give a critical overview of different methods used in the assessment of polyphenols antimicrobial efficacy and to highlight the importance of their standardisation.
Settlement names are the type of geographical names or toponyms that people come across most often. In Slovenia, their unification or standardization is handled by the Commission for Standardization ...of Geographical Names of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, which is based at the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The Commission operates mainly on the basis of UN resolutions on geographical names, Slovenian orthography and Slovenian legislation on geographical names, and publishes standardized geographical names in standardization documents (such as maps and gazetteers) and online on the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. There are more than 6,000 settlement names in Slovenia, a fifth of which are disputed for various reasons and should be corrected.The book ('Disputed names of settlements in Slovenia') first discusses basic terms in the field of geographical names, especially settlement names, then describes the methodology for determining disputed settlement name in Slovenia and proposes corrected names of disputed names, and finally presents standardized names on maps at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 and 1:250,000 and in the Register of Geographical Names or REZI, which is the largest database of geographical names in Slovenia.
Croatian exonyms are Croatian adapted names of foreign geographical features that differ from their original names (endonyms). The writing, use, and treatment of exonyms are not always unambiguous, ...unique, systematic, and consistent. Thus, authors and editors of maps and atlases frequently face the question of should they choose an exonym (and which one), an endonym, or both. They resolve them by entering various exonym forms, using both forms of names (exonyms and endonyms), or omitting exonyms even when they exist. This situation is a direct outcome of having multiple names and of the different use of exonyms. Double naming can be the result of the complex status of toponyms in multilingual areas and of a vague boundary between current and historical exonyms. Until recently, the problems of writing and the use of exonyms were usually simply stated and confirmed by scarce examples. The purpose of this article is to stress out the need to apply a systematic approach to exonym research methodology. The aim is to highlight the open questions on writing and the use of Croatian exonyms by analysing general and school world atlases published in the last forty years, and to confirm them with representative examples. As the analysis indicates, writing and the use of many exonyms in our world atlases is quite chaotic. This is a consequence of having unstandardized exonyms and overly general orthographic rules and toponymic guidelines for exonyms. All mentioned should be in the focus of a national interdisciplinary authority that would carry out the standardization of all Croatian geographical names as well as exonyms.
Hrvatski egzonimi su hrvatska prilagođena imena stranih geografskih
objekata koja se razlikuju od izvornih imena (endonima). Pisanje, uporaba i tretman egzonima nisu uvijek jednoznačni, ujednačeni, sustavni
i dosljedni. Stoga se autori i urednici karata i atlasa često suočavaju
s pitanjima trebaju li rabiti egzonim (i koji), endonim ili oba imena. Rješavaju ih upisivanjem različitih oblika egzonima, upotrebljavanjem oba oblika imena (egzonima i endonima) te izostavljanjem egzonima i kada
oni postoje. Takvo je stanje izravna posljedica višeimenosti i različite uporabe egzonima. Dvostruko imenovanje može biti rezultat složenog statusa toponima u višejezičnim područjima i nejasne granice između suvremenih i povijesnih egzonima. Problematika pisanja i uporabe egzonima donedavno se uglavnom samo konstatirala i potkrjepljivala malim
brojem primjera. Svrha rada je uputiti na nužnost primjene sustavnog pristupa metodologiji istraživanja egzonima. Cilj rada je analizom općih
i školskih atlasa svijeta objavljenih u posljednjih četrdesetak godina istaknuti otvorena pitanja o pisanju i uporabi hrvatskih egzonima te ih potvrditi reprezentativnim primjerima. Kako pokazuje analiza, pisanje i uporaba mnogih egzonima u našim atlasima svijeta prilično je kaotično. To je posljedica nepostojanja standardiziranih egzonima te nedovoljno detaljnih pravopisnih pravila i toponimskih smjernica za egzonime. Sve bi navedeno trebao biti interes nacionalnog interdisciplinarnog povjerenstva koje bi provodilo standardizaciju svih hrvatskih geografskih imena, tako i egzonima.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mass customization (MC) is gaining steadyattention in both industry and academia. Recently,MC implementation guidelines (MC-IGs) have been identified as an emerging sub-stream of MC research. A ...review of thissub-stream has beenpublishedin the current year,with a practitioner-oriented view. The present paper complementsthat review by focusing on the researchers’ need to improve the way MC-IGs are developed and communicated. By providing data generated from asystematic literature review on MC-IGs,the present paper informs researchers abouthow much and in which way certain aspectsof MC-IGs havebeen considered in the available guidelines. Through a systematic and detailed description of the published MC-IGs, the present article supports researchers to clearly communicatethesimilarities and differences intheir proposed advancements on MC-IGs. Finally, by reflecting on the very nature of the output of MC-IG research,this article suggests open and wide adoption ofthe design science research strategy to develop and test MC-IGs.
To be accurate and equivalent, laboratory results should be traceable to higher-order references. Furthermore, their quality should fulfill acceptable measurement uncertainty as defined to fit the ...intended clinical use. With this aim,
diagnostics (IVD) manufacturers should define a calibration hierarchy to assign traceable values to their system calibrators and to fulfill during this process uncertainty limits for calibrators, which should represent a proportion of the uncertainty budget allowed for clinical laboratory results. It is therefore important that, on one hand, the laboratory profession clearly defines the clinically acceptable uncertainty for relevant tests and, on the other hand, end-users may know and verify how manufacturers have implemented the traceability of their calibrators and estimated the corresponding uncertainty. Important tools for IVD traceability surveillance are quality control programmes through the daily verification by clinical laboratories that control materials of analytical systems are in the manufacturer's declared validation range Internal Quality Control (IQC) component I and the organization of External Quality Assessment Schemes meeting metrological criteria. In a separate way, clinical laboratories should also monitor the reliability of employed commercial systems through the IQC component II, devoted to estimation of the measurement uncertainty due to random effects, which includes analytical system imprecision together with individual laboratory performance in terms of variability.
To be accurate and equivalent, laboratory results should be traceable to higher-order references. Furthermore, their quality should fulfill acceptable measurement uncertainty as defined to fit the ...intended clinical use. With this aim, in vitro diagnostics (IVD) manufacturers should define a calibration hierarchy to assign traceable values to their system calibrators and to fulfill during this process uncertainty limits for calibrators, which should represent a proportion of the uncertainty budget allowed for clinical laboratory results. It is therefore important that, on one hand, the laboratory profession clearly defines the clinically acceptable uncertainty for relevant tests and, on the other hand, endusers may know and verify how manufacturers have implemented the traceability of their calibrators and estimated the corresponding uncertainty. Important tools for IVD traceability surveillance are quality control programmes through the daily verification by clinical laboratories that control materials of analytical systems are in the manufacturer’s declared validation range Internal Quality Control (IQC) component I and the organization of Exter nal Quality Assessment Schemes meeting metrological criteria. In a separate way, clinical laboratories should also monitor the reliability of employed commercial systems through the IQC component II, devoted to estimation of the measurement uncertainty due to random effects, which includes analytical system imprecision together with individual laboratory performance in terms of variability.
Da bi bili tacni i ekvivalentni, laboratorijski rezultati treba da budu sledljivi do referenci viseg reda. Stavise, njihov kvalitet treba da ispostuje prihvatljivu mernu nesigurnost definisanu tako da odgovara planiranoj klinickoj upotrebi. Sa ovim ciIjem, proizvodaci in vitro dijagnostickih sredstava treba da definisu hijerarhiju kalibracije kako bi dodelili sledljive vrednosti kalibratorima svojih sistema i kako bi u toku ovog procesa ispostovali granice nesigurnosti za kalibratore, sto bi trebalo da predstavlja srazmeran deo budzeta za nesigurnost odobrenog za rezultate klinicke laboratorije. Stoga je vazno da, s jedne strane, laboratorijski strucnjaci jasno definisu klinicki prihvatljivu nesigurnost za relevantne testove, a da, s druge strane, krajnji korisnici mogu da znaju i verifikuju na koji su nacin proizvodaci implementirali sledljivost svojih kali- bratora i procenili odgovarajucu nesigurnost. Vazne alatk|e za nadzor sledljivosti in vitro dijagnostickih sredstava su progra- mi za kontrolu kvaliteta putem dnevne verifikacije od strane klinickih laboratorija da su kontrolni materijali analitickih sistema u okviru validacionog opsega koji je deklarisao proizvodac (I komponenta programa Internal Quality Control, IQC) i organizacija sema za eksternu procenu kvaliteta (External Quality Assessment Schemes) koje ispunjavaju metroloske kriterijume. Klinicke laboratorije takode treba zasebno da prate pouzdanost primenjenih komercijalnih sistema kroz II komponentu programa IQC, posvecenu proceni merne nesigurnosti usled nasumicnih efekata, koja obuhva- ta nepreciznost analitickih sistema kao i performanse pojedinacnih laboratorija u pogledu varijabilnosti
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