Although China's modern education for public health was developing over the past 60 years, there is a lack of authoritative statistics and analyses on the nation's development of education for public ...health at higher education institutions (HEIs). Few quantitative studies on this topic have been published in domestic and international peer-reviewed journals. To address this knowledge gap, we aimed to use national data to quantitatively analyse the scale, structure, and changes of public health education in China's HEIs, and to compare the changes of public health education with those of other health science disciplines.
This study uses previously unreleased national data provided by the Ministry of Education of China that includes the number of health professional students by school and major. The data, which spans from 1998 to 2012, are descriptively analyzed.
The number of HEIs for public health education per 100 million population increased from 7.2 in 1998 to 11.3 in 2012. The total enrolment, number of students, and number of graduates increased at rates of 7.3, 7.4, and 5.8% per year, respectively. The percentage of junior college students dropped drastically from 24.0 to 8.4% from 1998 to 2012. During that same period, the number of undergraduates, master and doctorate students increased. Undergraduates accounted for the majority of public health graduates (63.1%) in 2012, and master and doctorate students increased by 10.0 and 5.1 times, respectively, from 1998 to 2012. The relative percentage of public health enrollment, students, and graduates to all health education disciplines dropped from about 6.0% percent in 1998 to around 2% in 2012.
The overall scale of public health education has clearly expanded, though at a slower pace than many other health science disciplines in China. The increase of public health graduates helped to address the previous shortage of public health professionals. Gradually adopting a modern model of education, public health education in China has undergone notable changes that may be informative to other developing countries though it still faces a complex situation in terms of graduates' adherence to public health, student recruitment, teaching and training, program planning and reform.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The COVID-19 outbreak has significantly affected the education system. Both the labor market and the education market have undergone dramatic changes during the pandemic. A rather serious discrepancy ...between the structure of labor demand and the structure of graduates underlies the relevance of the present study. The paper aims to analyze the relevant fields of higher education, as well as to identify key trends in 2013–2020 admission campaigns to assess development prospects. In
the course of the study, we put forward several hypotheses that were tested using the case study of Russian undergraduates with state-funded tuition. Structural and dynamic analysis of the 2013–2020 period indicated the growing demand from students for education in all fields except Social sciences. A comparison of the indicator of structural shifts between 2019 and 2020 shows a fundamental change in the demand for fields of educational training for Healthcare and medical sciences, the growth rate was 2.5 times. Considerable changes in the structure of
supply were observed in social sciences (a drop in the percentage of enrolled students), engineering, technology and technical sciences (a rise in the percentage of enrolled students). However, with increased demand for engineering-technical programs in 2020, there was no similar increase in supply. Our hypothesis about a decline in demand and supply for the humanities was not confirmed. At the same time, we proved the hypothesis about an increase in applicants’ demand for medical specialties by 9.4% in 2013–2020 and by 22.6% in the 2020 crisis year.
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the problem of the healthcare staffing shortage and the need to increase the number of students enrolled in medical education programs. The COVID-19 outbreak has had a profound impact on changes in learner profiles. The identified trends are pushing for a rethinking of the higher education system and the labor market in search for an optimal balance in educating staff.
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The article analyzes the problems caused by the implementation of the modern Federal State Educational Standards of higher education. There is no doubt that FSES are necessary to support the ...educational space throughout the country, to govern the educational activities based on the unified legal framework, to provide, on the one hand, the continuity of the main educational programs, on the other hand, their variability. Meeting the requirements of standards is the condition of education quality assurance. Nevertheless, the current version of FSES has a number of serious conceptual weaknesses that become apparent in the practical application of standards. In particular, it is shown that FSES disregard the hierarchical nature of education. There are disciplines that do not form any competences but they are an essential theoretical basis for studying the other disciplines because there are necessary successive stages in education, e.g. medical or engineering. But this fact is disregarded in the current FSES. On the whole, the system crisis of the national education attended by the educational standards can be overcome through changing the approach to education and the revision of competences formulation in FSES. In this regard, it is important to take into account the specific character of educational activities, the hierarchical nature of education, and also students’ social and psychological qualities, as well as the necessary efforts of teaching staff.
Public institutions have been the major provider of education for health professionals in China for most of the twentieth century. In the 1990s, the Chinese government began to encourage the ...establishment of private education institutions, which have been steadily increasing in numbers over the past decade. However, there is a lack of authoritative data on these institutions and little has been published in international journals on the current status of private education of health professionals in China. In light of this knowledge gap, we performed a quantitative analysis of private institutions in China that offer higher education of health professionals.
Using previously unreleased national data provided by the Ministry of Education of China, we conducted time-series and descriptive analyses to study the scale, structure and educational resources from 1998 to 2012 of private institutions for health professional education.
The number of private institutions that educate health professionals increased from two in 1999 to 123 in 2012. Private institutions displayed an average annual growth rate of 44.2% for enrolment, 59.0% for the number of students and 53.3% for the number of graduates. In 2012, nursing, clinical medicine and traditional Chinese medicine had the most students (37.2%, 32.8% and 8.9% respectively), representing 78.9% of all students in these institutions. Ninety-seven private institutions located in the more economically advantaged eastern and central China and only 26 ones were in the less economically advantaged western China, respectively turning out 85.2% and 14.8% of health professional graduates. There were less educational resources, such as the number of faculty members, physical space and assets, at private institutions than at public institutions.
Private institutions for the education of health professionals have emerged quickly in China, contributing to the demand for health professionals that exceeds what public institutions are able to offer. At the same time, the imbalance of geographical distribution and poor educational resources of private institutions are of concern. It may be of utmost importance to enhance administration and supervision to better regulate private institutions and their development plans. Future studies may be needed to better examine the effects of private institutions on the production and allocation of health workers.
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U radu se, na temelju raspoloživih rezultata empirijskih evaluacijskih istraživanja,
prikazuje i diskutira kvaliteta hrvatskog predtercijarnog obrazovanja s naglaskom
na obvezno obrazovanje. ...Kvaliteta obveznog obrazovanja operacionalizirana
je pomoću pokazatelja obrazovnih ishoda dobivenih međunarodnim komparativnim
istraživanjima (PIRLS, TIMSS i PISA) te sumativnim vanjskim vrednovanjem srednjeg
obrazovanja provedenog u okviru državne mature. Postignuća hrvatskih učenika na
kraju četvrtog razreda osnovne škole natprosječna su, dok su postignuća petnaestogodišnjaka
ispodprosječna. Ujedno, međuškolske su razlike u pojedinim pismenostima
petnaestogodišnjaka u Hrvatskoj iznadprosječne, ali je utjecaj socioekonomskog položaja
roditelja na školska postignuća njihove djece ispodprosječan. Prema tome, dva su
od tri pokazatelja kvalitete hrvatskog obveznog obrazovanja, sagledana u međunarodnoj
perspektivi, ispodprosječna. To se može objasniti strukturnim i izvanstrukturnim
čimbenicima.
Težište je analize u ovome radu na strukturnim čimbenicima koji su u raspravama
o hrvatskoj školi proteklih desetljeća podcijenjeni. Strukturni razlozi ispodprosječnih
obrazovnih postignuća hrvatskih petnaestogodišnjaka detektirani su u prekratkom
primarnom obrazovanju i prekratkom trajanju osnovnog obrazovanja. Izvanstrukturni
čimbenici nalaze se u sadržajima nacionalnog kurikuluma, izvođenju kurikuluma i vođenju
škola te velikim međuškolskim razlikama u pedagoškom standardu. U radu se
prikazuje i uspoređuje potencijal dvaju mogućih modela strukturne reforme obveznog
obrazovanja u Hrvatskoj koju bi trebalo poduzeti.
Prema podacima dobivenima vanjskom sumativnom evaluacijom srednjeg obrazovanja
provedenom u okviru državne mature, prosječna je razina kognitivnih ishoda nezadovoljavajuća.
Što su kognitivni zahtjevi zadataka viši, rezultati su učenika slabiji. To
se dijelom objašnjava niskom ulaznom kvalitetom učenika, odnosno niskom razinom
kognitivnih ishoda iz osnovnog obrazovanja, nesukladnošću programa srednjeg
obrazovanja i testova na državnoj maturi te nedovoljno kvalitetnim poučavanjem.
Podaci dobiveni ispitima na državnoj maturi nemaju za kvalitetu srednjeg obrazovanja
dovoljnu valjanost, pa imaju samo indikativnu vrijednost.
El objetivo de este artículo es proveer una descripción del perfil de los administradores de la educación que laboran en instituciones públicas y privadas de educación básica y media de estratos 1 a ...4 en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, a través de los rasgos demográficos, socioeconómicos, académicos y profesionales. El artículo es producto de una investigación sobre las condiciones de implementación de la política educativa colombiana Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo. Para el estudio se empleó una encuesta que fue respondida por 70 administradores escolares de 46 instituciones educativas de la ciudad. Los resultados mostraron que el perfil típico del administrador escolar corresponde a mujeres entre los 50y 60 años que tuvieron contacto con el idioma inglés durante sus estudios de básica secundaria, tienen título de Especialización como máximo nivel de formación alcanzado y cuentan con experiencia profesional superior a 11 años. Se hallaron diferencias entre los sectores público y privado: en el primero los directivos tienen un nivel más alto de formación académica y mejores salarios. Los resultados sugieren que se necesita mayor apoyo a la formación de los directivos del sector privado y un mejor reconocimiento económico a la labor desempeñada por los directivos docentes en ambos sectores.O objetivo deste artigo é prover uma descrição do perfil dos administradores da educação que trabalham em instituições públicas e particulares de educação básica e média de classes baixa e média na cidade de Santiago de Cali, por meio dos traços demográficos, socioeconómicos, acadêmicos e profissionais. O artigo é produto de uma pesquisa sobre as condições de implementação da política educativa colombiana Programa Nacional de Bilinguismo. Para o estudo, empregou-se uma enquete que foi respondida por 70 administradores escolares de 46 instituições educativas da cidade. Os resultados mostraram que o perfil típico do administrador escolar corresponde a mulheres entre 50 e 60 anos que tiveram contato com o idioma inglês durante seus estudos fundamental e médio, têm título de Especialização como máximo nível de formação alcançado e contam com experiência profissional superior a 11 anos. Encontraram-se diferenças entre os setores público e particular: no primeiro os diretores têm um nível mais alto deformação acadêmica e melhores salários. Os resultados sugerem que é necessário maior apoio na formação dos diretores do setor particular e um melhor reconhecimento económico ao trabalho desempenhado pelos diretores docentes em ambos os setores.The article describes the profile of administrators at public and private elementary and secondary schools in the city of Santiago de Cali (Colombia), specifically schools lower income areas (economic brackets one to four) The profiles are based on demographic, socioeconomic, academic and professional characteristics. The article is the result of a study on conditions surrounding implementation of the educational policy outlined in Colombia's National Bilingual Program. A survey was conducted and 70 administrators at 46 schools in the city responded. The results show school administrators are typically women between 50 and 60 years of age who had contact with the English language during their basic secondary studies, possess a specialization degree at the very most, and have more than 11 years of professional experience. Differences were found between the public and private sectors. In the former, administrators tend to have a higher degree of academic training and better wages. The results suggest the need for more support to train administrators in the private sector, along with better pay for the job being done by teaching administrators in both sectors.
El objetivo de este artículo es proveer una descripción del perfil de los administradores de la educación que laboran en instituciones públicas y privadas de educación básica y media de estratos 1 a ...4 en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, a través de los rasgos demográficos, socioeconómicos, académicos y profesionales. El artículo es producto de una investigación sobre las condiciones de implementación de la política educativa colombiana Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo. Para el estudio se empleó una encuesta que fue respondida por 70 administradores escolares de 46 instituciones educativas de la ciudad. Los resultados mostraron que el perfil típico del administrador escolar corresponde a mujeres entre los 50y 60 años que tuvieron contacto con el idioma inglés durante sus estudios de básica secundaria, tienen título de Especialización como máximo nivel de formación alcanzado y cuentan con experiencia profesional superior a 11 años. Se hallaron diferencias entre los sectores público y privado: en el primero los directivos tienen un nivel más alto de formación académica y mejores salarios. Los resultados sugieren que se necesita mayor apoyo a la formación de los directivos del sector privado y un mejor reconocimiento económico a la labor desempeñada por los directivos docentes en ambos sectores.
In this paper the trend of revising courses in Shiraz University are evaluated and the proposed revised Bachelor Program in Electrical Engineering for this University are presented. This program has ...been prepared in the framework of the executive procedure rules left to the universities for revising their educational courses. The main trend in revision is to update the educational courses based on the universal growth of electrical science and technology. This has been performed in a reasonable, organized, controlled and soft manner and without any rush to impose radical changes in the fundamental structure of the programs. The guidelines in this trend are considered as: revising the type of general courses in order to offer new general courses in social, ethical, and environmental subjects; revising the content of basic courses so as to be appropriate for offering to different disciplines at Shiraz University as a major large university; and creating, merging and eliminating fundamental and specialized courses based on the latest immerged technologies in the world. Decisively including novel scientific and technological concepts in the coursework contents and using computer and the internet facilities in presenting the course contents; setting a high value on the labs by revising their hardware and software facilities and the contents of the lab experiments; designing the courses to be project oriented and paying attention to the B.S. Projects and encouraging the students to take part in group projects with specified objectives; paying attention to the training course and appointing supervisors to monitor each group of trainees. With the above objectives the proposed revised educational programs for different sub-areas of Electrical Engineering have been developed and the results are presented at the end of the paper.
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