This article examines the extent to which economic attitudes, political predispositions, neighborhood context, and socio-demographic factors influence views toward adult, undocumented immigrants ...living and working in the United States. We specifically examine how these factors differ for respondents living in various types of American urban, suburban, and rural areas. Arguably, in the aftermath of the 2016 Presidential election, public opinion toward often racialized immigration policy proposals is incomplete without an understanding of the role of place and geographic identity. In the 2016 general election, 62 percent of rural voters cast a ballot for Trump, as compared with 50 percent of suburban voters, and 35 percent of urban voters. However, we know little about how their views toward undocumented immigration, a persistent hot-button issue, varied by geographic type. Our findings suggest that views toward undocumented immigrants currently living and working in the United States are conditioned by factors related to a respondent's geographic type. We find that attitudes toward immigrants vary considerably across place. These findings provide support to our argument about the development of a geographic-based identity that has considerable impact on important public opinion attitudes, even after controlling for more traditional explanatory factors.
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BFBNIB, INZLJ, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Over the past 20 years, California has made substantial investments in intra-metropolitan passenger rail infrastructure, expanding existing systems and building new ones. According to advocates of ...New Urbanism, such investment should encourage the growth of mixed-use transit-oriented development, defined as a high-density mix of residential and commercial uses within walking distance of rail stations. Little research to date has examined whether rail investment stimulates retail activity, which is a key component of mixed-use development. In this paper, I test whether the opening of new rail stations across California's four largest metropolitan areas is associated with changes in retail employment near the stations. Results indicate that new rail stations were located in areas with previously high employment density, somewhat outside the city centres. New station openings are not significantly associated with differences in retail employment in three of the four MSAs, and negatively associated with retail in the Sacramento MSA. There is weak evidence that areas around new suburban stations serving commuter rail lines are more likely to gain retail employment, while centrally located, intra-city rail stations see decreases in retail activity.
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BFBNIB, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hourly measurements of 46 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory in Erie, CO, were collected over 16 weeks in spring and summer 2015. Average VOC reactivity (1.2 ...s−1 in spring and 2.4 s−1 in summer) was lower than most other U.S. urban sites. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified five VOC factors in the spring, corresponding to sources from (1) long‐lived oil and natural gas (ONG‐long lived), (2) short‐lived oil and natural gas (ONG‐short lived), (3) traffic, (4) background, and (5) secondary chemical production. In the summer, an additional biogenic factor was dominated by isoprene. While ONG‐related VOCs were the single largest contributor (40–60%) to the calculated VOC reactivity with hydroxyl radicals (OH) throughout the morning in both spring and summer, the biogenic factor substantially enhanced afternoon and evening (2–10 P.M. local time) VOC reactivity (average of 21%; maxima of 49% of VOC reactivity) during summertime. These results contrast with a previous summer 2012 campaign which showed that biogenics contributed only 8% of VOC reactivity on average. The interannual differences suggest that the role of biogenic VOCs in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area (NFRMA) varies with environmental conditions such as drought stress. Overall, the NFRMA was more strongly influenced by ONG sources of VOCs than other urban and suburban regions in the U.S.
Key Points
Oil and natural gas development was the largest source of observed VOC reactivity in the Colorado Front Range in spring 2015
Observed VOC reactivity in the Colorado Front Range in summer 2015 was low (average = 2.4 s−1) relative to other urban areas in the U.S.
Isoprene contributed substantially to VOC reactivity in summer 2015, in contrast to a previous study
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The quantitative identification and trade-off/synergy analysis of land use functions (LUFs) form the foundation of territory spatial planning and management. However, the application of ...trade-offs/synergies in LUF changes to territory spatial zoning remains understudied. In this study, with Hangzhou city in eastern China as a case study area, a series of geospatial models and multisource data were used to quantify LUFs at grid scale over a long time series. The normalized revealed comparative advantage index model was utilized to identify the dominant functions of territory space. Then, Pearson correlation analysis was employed to reveal the spatial and temporal patterns of LUF trade-offs/synergies. Finally, based on quantitative LUFs and their trade-offs/synergies, this study proposed a new spatial functional zoning scheme and targeted management measures to improve territory spatial zoning management. The results showed that during 2000 and 2018, production and ecological functions improved in the western mountainous areas and declined in the eastern plains, while living function significantly improved obviously in the eastern plains of Hangzhou City. The distributions of agricultural, urban and ecological dominant functional areas exhibited obvious regional differences. Among the three LUFs, the trade-off relationship dominated their interactive relationships, trade-off areas for production and living, and for living and ecological function changes mainly occurred in peri-urban areas, while trade-off areas for production and ecological function changes were distributed in the eastern outer suburbs and western valley of Hangzhou City. Based on the dominant functions and trade-offs/synergies of LUF changes, ten types of grid-scale territory spatial functional zones and five types of town-scale major functional zones were divided to optimize and control territory spatial patterns. In general, the proposed zoning scheme contributes to addressing LUF conflicts and building a territory spatial pattern with coordination development of agriculture, urban and ecology.
•We analyzed the changes and trade-offs/synergies among land use functions (LUFs) during 2000 and 2018 at grid scale.•We identified the dominant functions of territorial space using normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) index.•We developed a territory spatial functional zoning scheme by combining the dominant functions and LUF trade-offs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The geography of economic opportunity and residential segregation are important factors driving racial disparities in employment outcomes. We present here the changing landscape of opportunity in ...large metropolitan areas in the United States to describe how the spatial structure of opportunity is evolving. Using decomposable inequality indices, we break down the spatial inequality of opportunity into two components: inequality within subareas (inner cities, inner suburbs, and outer suburbs) and inequality between subareas. According to our findings, economic opportunity is primarily driven by inequality within subareas. The situation is particularly evident in metropolitan areas where suburban employment is growing concurrently with the suburbanization of Black and Hispanic populations. Our findings suggest that the geography of metropolitan opportunity in the U.S. is changing in ways that will alter our traditional understanding of the relationship between race, space, and economic opportunity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Urban planners and designers believe that the built environment at various geographic scales affects pedestrian activity, but have limited empirical evidence at the street scale, to support their ...claims. We are just beginning to identify and measure the qualities that generate active street life, and this paper builds on the first few studies to do so. This study measures street design qualities and surrounding urban form variables for 881 block faces in Salt Lake County, Utah, and relates them to pedestrian counts. This is the largest such study to date and includes suburbs as well as cities. At the neighborhood scale, we find that D variables – development density, accessibility to destinations, and distance to transit – are significantly associated with the pedestrian activity. At the street scale, we find significant positive relationships between three urban design qualities – imageability, human scale, and complexity – and pedestrian counts, after controlling for neighborhood-scale variables. Finally, we find that pedestrian counts are positively associated with seven of twenty streetscape features – historic buildings, outdoor dining, buildings with identifiers, less sky view, street furniture, active uses, and accent building colors. This study provides implications for streetscape projects that aim to create walkable places in typical auto-oriented, medium-sized cities.
•Street life and pedestrian volume are explained by built environment features.•Neighborhood-level urban form factors are associated with the pedestrian volume.•Among urban design features, imageability and complexity are significant.•Important streetscape features include historic buildings, outdoor dining, active uses, etc.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Understanding of urban green spaces dynamics are required to improve urban sustainability.•Green spaces in the city center of Shanghai shifted from a net loss to net gain from 1980 to 2015.•The ...shape and distribution of urban green spaces have become more regular and less fragmented.•Population growth and greening policies are major drivers of green spaces change.
Urban green spaces play a range of significant roles and have a positive influence on the quality of life in cities. Shanghai, a major economic and financial center in China, has set its goal to become a more ecologically integrated and livable city. The urban authorities envisage Shanghai as “a city in the forest, a forest in the city”. To achieve this greener future, the government has developed a series of policies to improve urban greening coverage. Based on land use and land cover data from 1980 to 2015, this paper analyzes temporal and spatial changes in urban green spaces in Shanghai, and explores the driving forces underlying the observed changes. Although the total urban green spaces in Shanghai declined from 1980 to 2015, different districts have different trends. Urban green spaces in the suburbs and the islands have declined, although, the city center increased its green spaces following several decades of decrease. Several factors have contributed to these changes, including population increase, conflicting government policies, real estate development, and rising demand for recreation space. Knowledge of the dynamics of urban green spaces in the city can assist in fostering an appropriate balance between urban development and environmental protection. To prevent environmental degradation and to plan a restoration pathway, cities should attempt to keep green spaces in mind during the development process and integrate the green spaces into urban planning. Understanding the dynamics of green spaces in Shanghai may offer insights for other cities in developing their own green spaces.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In the fight between state versus local control in Colorado's unconventional energy industry, Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) signed directly between operators and local governments are becoming ...an increasingly popular strategy for formally integrating citizen concerns into oil and gas development. Yet little is known about how these agreements may shape public opinion of industry and local government. This article uses mixed methods to investigate if and how MOUs shaped public perceptions of the industry and the town government in a politically heterogeneous suburban Colorado town home to the state's first MOU. While public comments have become significantly more favorable toward oil and gas development over time, our research reveals that the MOU itself did not significantly change those perceptions. The more significant factor was the election of a town board committed to processes of engagement and transparency, including a meaningful revision of the original MOU.
•MOUs provide communities with a formal mechanism for shaping energy development.•Local governance focused on transparency was more significant than MOUs for changing public perception.•Public trust in government increased more than did public trust in industry.•MOUs may become more prevalent as a local supraregulatory policy tool.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
BackgroundIncreasing levels of poor glycaemic control among Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) motivated us to compare T2DM care between urban and suburban primary care units (PCUs), ...to identify gaps in care, and to identify significant factors that may influence strategies to enhance the quality of care and clinical outcomes in this population.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study involving 2160 patients with T2DM treated at four Thai PCUs from 2019 to 2021, comprising one urban and three suburban facilities. Using mixed effects logistic regression, we compared care factors between urban and suburban PCUs.ResultsPatients attending suburban PCUs were significantly more likely to undergo eye (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.83, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.72), foot (AOR: 1.61, 95% CI 0.65 to 4.59) and HbA1c (AOR: 1.66, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.30) exams and achieved all ABC (HbA1c, blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)) goals (AOR: 2.23, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.83). Conversely, those at an urban PCU were more likely to undergo albuminuria exams. Variables significantly associated with good glycaemic control included age (AOR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.79), T2DM duration (AOR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.88), FAACE (foot, HbA1c, albuminuria, LDL-C and eye) goals (AOR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.36) and All8Q (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.41). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was significantly linked with high triglyceride and HbA1c levels (AOR: 5.23, 95% CI 1.21 to 7.61). Elevated HbA1c levels, longer T2DM duration, insulin use, high systolic BP and high lipid profile levels correlated strongly with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and CKD progression.ConclusionThis highlights the necessity for targeted interventions to bridge urban–suburban care gaps, optimise drug prescriptions and implement comprehensive care strategies for improved glycaemic control, DR prevention and CKD progression mitigation among in Thai patients with T2DM. The value of the clinical target aggregate (ABC) and the process of care aggregate (FAACE) was also conclusively demonstrated.
Raptor conservation programs should be based on knowledge of the birds’ ecology in both natural and urban habitats, justifying the inclusion of ecological studies in suburban zones into regional ...planning initiatives. The objective of this study was to determine the use of diurnal raptors within the habitats of a suburban area of a city in southern Chile. We characterize the different zones into five types of environment, and assess their raptor diversity for consideration in territorial planning. Acoustic surveys were conducted in auditory stations in addition to observations from fixed transects and trails. From a total of 161.39 h of survey, we obtained 664 sightings corresponding to ten species of diurnal raptors. The richest environment was dense forest (eight species), followed by grassland (six species), native forest regeneration (five species), shrubs (four species) and exotic tree plantations (three species). We discuss the relationship between the richness of diurnal raptors, the types of environment in the study area, and the spatial location of the sites, as well as the implications for territorial planning to support the conservation of birds of prey in the suburban zone studied.