Objective
We propose an index to characterize the key feature of Chinese surname distributions and investigate its implications for population structure and dynamics.
Materials and methods
The ...surname dataset was obtained from the National Citizen Identity Information Center, which contains 1.28 billion Chinese citizens enrolled in 2007, excluding those of Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. An index, the coverage ratio of stretched exponential distribution (CRSED), is proposed based on the crossover point of stretched exponential truncated power‐law distribution, where the stretched exponential term and the power‐law term contribute equally. We use multidimensional scaling technique to demonstrate the dependence of the similarity of one prefecture to the others on the CRSED.
Results
The CRSEDs of 362 prefectures exhibit an uneven distribution. The consistency of this index is evident by strong positive correlations of CRSEDs at the three administrative levels. This new index has a strong negative correlation with the proportion of the rare surnames. The prefectures with similar CRSEDs tend to adjoin each other on the administrative map, resulting in several distinct regions, each of which shares similar terrain features or historical migrations. The prefectures with lower CRSEDs are more dissimilar to the other prefectures, while the ones with higher CRSEDs are more similar to the others.
Discussion
The population dynamics of the prefectures with higher CRSEDs are more likely dominated by migratory movements, the dominant evolutionary forces of the prefectures with lower CRSEDs can be attributed to drift and mutation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The hierarchical structure of metapopulations characteristic of humans with their subdivision into parts (subpopulations), usually classified on the basis of administrative-territorial division, ...principles of biological systematics, etc., is considered. The present study aimed to continue the analysis of the common properties of concentration of surnames by subpopulations within their hierarchical subdivision. Attention is focused on the description of surname divergence of subpopulations. The surname inbreeding coefficient
Fs
is expressed through the divergence indices, which is similar to the traditional inbreeding coefficient in population genetics. Its expansion by hierarchy levels into the sum of increments of the surname inbreeding coefficient corresponding to separate levels is obtained. The relationship between the found expansion and the expansion of the variance of the distribution of the surname concentration by subpopulations is demonstrated. With an additional assumption about the independence of the concentration of the surname and
Fs
, the factorization of
Fs
by hierarchy levels is found in line with the ideas of S. Wright. It is simplified with a small surname divergence of subpopulations when the
Fs
coefficient of the entire metapopulation is equal to the sum of the average
Fs
values at individual levels of the hierarchy. The underestimation of surname inbreeding was obtained when subpopulations of a higher rank serve as units of observation instead of undivided subpopulations of the first level of the hierarchy. These results are statistical characteristics of the hierarchical structure, and not a feature of a particular population system, and do not follow from one model or another of microevolution. They are computationally independent of the hierarchical system under study, but allow quantitatively characterizing their heterogeneity. The results obtained refer to rural and urban hierarchical metapopulations as separate components of the entire population. In an appendix that can be read independently, genetic analogs of the properties found are given without proof in respect to the genetic structure of a metapopulation.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Since the earliest times, hide processing has been a necessity in order to provide people with clothing and footwear. In the Middle Ages, craftsmen specialized in hide processing were differentiated ...and names according to the pieces of clothing or footwear they produced: they were furriers or skinners, shoemakers, leather cutters, traditional footwear makers and tanners etc. An important role in the development of this type of activity (processing domestic and wild animal hides) has been played by the technological progress that involved the use of chemical substances meant to ensure high-quality products. The appellatives selected as being part of the hide processing terminology became sources of nicknames or bynames in the 19th century, and later became official surnames as a result of the 1895 Name Law. At present 175 active surnames have been identified and the region and county frequency of occurrence is mentioned in the Appendix, according to The Anthoponymic Romanian Database
•Korea has a strong family-centered culture of sharing the same surname.•Investors react more positively to favorable stock recommendations of analysts with familyship.•Investors’ biased favorability ...is more pronounced for positive news than for negative news.
Using the surnames of financial analysts in Korea, this paper examines how investors react to forecasts of analysts with familyship. Since Korea has a strong family-centered culture of sharing the surname, it provides a suitable setting for examining whether investors incorporate analysts’ personal characteristics into their decision-making. This paper finds that stock recommendations by analysts with familyship elicit stronger market reactions. Additionally, the effect is only observed in the cases of upgrade, hold, and buy recommendations. Finally, the effect is observed only when the stock market was not in recession.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Despite the ongoing shift in societal norms and gender-discriminatory practices toward more equality, many heterosexual women worldwide, including in many Western societies, choose to replace their ...birth surname with the family name of their spouse upon marriage. Previous research has demonstrated that the adherence to sexist ideologies (i.e., a system of discriminatory gender-based beliefs) among women is associated with their greater endorsement of practices and policies that maintain gender inequality. By integrating the ideas from the system justification theory and the ambivalent sexism theory, we proposed that the more women adhere to hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs, the more likely they would be to justify existing gender relations in society, which in turn, would positively predict their support for traditional, husband-centered marital surname change. We further argued that hostile (as compared to benevolent) sexism could act as a particularly strong direct predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We tested these possibilities across three cross-sectional studies conducted among women in Turkey (Study 1,
N
=118, self-identified feminist women; Study 2,
N
=131, female students) and the United States (Study 3,
N
=140, female students). Results of Studies 1 and 3 revealed that higher adherence to hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was associated with higher support for marital surname change indirectly through higher gender-based system justification. In Study 2, the hypothesized full mediation was not observed. Consistent with our predictions, in all three studies, hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was found to be a direct positive predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We discuss the role of dominant ideologies surrounding marriage and inegalitarian naming conventions in different cultures as obstacles to women’s birth surname retention upon marriage.
Census data are vital to health care research but must also protect respondents' confidentiality. The 2020 decennial Census employs a new Differential Privacy framework; this study examines its ...effect on the accuracy of an important tool for measuring health disparities, the Bayesian Improved Surname and Geocoding (BISG) algorithm, which uses Census Block Group data to estimate race and ethnicity when self-reported data are unavailable. Using self-reported race and ethnicity data as our standard, we compared the accuracy of BISG estimates calculated using the original 2010 Census counts to the accuracy of estimates calculated using 2010 data but with 2020 Differential Privacy in place. The Differential Privacy methodology slightly decreases BISG accuracy for American Indian and Alaska Native people but has little effect for other groups, suggesting that the methodology will not impede health disparities research that employs BISG and similar methods.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Research Question/Issue
Using data on Chinese listed state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), this study examines the impact of board surname sharing on firms' investment efficiency.
Research ...Findings/Insights
We find that surname sharing among a firm's board of directors is positively associated with its investment efficiency. The main result continues to hold when using alternative measures and accounting for endogeneity. Specifically, we show higher surname homogeneity mitigates agency costs and information asymmetry. Taken together, this evidence supports the view that board surname sharing is conducive to effective communications in the boardroom, thus enhancing board effectiveness and collective decision‐making among board members.
Theoretical/Academic Implications
With the theory of social identity, the literature presents two opposing views on the impact of group identity on corporate behaviors. One view focuses on the cost of favoritism bias and coalition while the other view illustrates the benefits of group coordination and communication. We shed light on this debate by documenting that the group identity of surname sharing might increase corporate investment efficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing evidence that social identity benefits board decision‐making.
Practitioner/Policy Implications
Our findings have implications for formulating the “best practice” on executive selection and boosting board composition. In addition to structural factors and procedural rules, shareholders and policymakers may need to carefully consider creating the climate of a robust social system of the board to ensure a virtuous cycle of trust and outspokenness, especially when dealing with the problems of passive monitoring.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Random dynamics of the surname composition of a population of finite size in discrete time with non-overlapping generations is considered. It is assumed that surnames are passed to descendants along ...patrilineal lines. The dynamics is analyzed over a short effective time interval
t
/
NE
(
t
), where
NE
(
t
) is average harmonic effective population size over
t
generations. Since in this case systematic pressures can be neglected, the surname microevolution approximately corresponds to the process of random genetic drift, synchronously proceeding in the same population with the intensity four times less than for the surnames. Similar to the genetic drift model, the surname composition of the next generation τ is a random sample of size
Ne
(τ)/2 composed of the surnames of the male component of parental population; i.e., the size is 4 times less than the sample of 2
Ne
(τ) gametes under genetic drift (
Ne
(τ) is the effective population size in generation τ). The dynamics of the probability of a random encounter of namesakes and the probability of random encounter of individuals with different surnames are studied. These probabilities are similar to the concentrations of homozygotes and heterozygotes, respectively, in the genetic structure analysis. The exact time dependences for the indicated probabilities, variances of the surname concentrations, and the surname analog of the inbreeding coefficient are presented. The approximation of exact dependences by simpler ones is given over short effective time
t
/
NE
(
t
), where the surname divergence is four times faster than the genetic divergence. The results do not imply the surname monophyly and they describe a speculative theoretical set of replica populations, as if having re-experienced the microevolutionary history of the population in question under the same conditions. The use of a time which is small compared to the population size is justified by recent emergence of the majority of surnames in Russia and by the fact that the elapsed time in generations is much smaller than typical population size. In real subdivided populations, estimation of the inbreeding coefficient based on the surname concentrations does not allow for distinguishing the situations of a mechanical mixture of subpopulations or their common origin.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
W niniejszym artykule poddano charakterystyce imiona i nazwiska społeczności żydowskiej na podstawie księgi urodzeń izraelickiego okręgu metrykalnego Lubycza Królewska (1907-1929). Wynotowane z ...dokumentu imiona mają najczęściej pochodzenie biblijne. W materiale spotykamy też imiona jidyszowe, nieliczne romańskie i słowiańskie. W przypadku nazwisk dominują struktury o niemieckich cechach językowych. Najliczniej reprezentowane są antroponimy odimienne oraz odapelatywne. Charakterystyczne są też miana z sufiksem -er oraz nazwy dwuczłonowe pochodzenia niemieckiego. Poza analizą antroponimów Żydów lubyckich wykazano pewne tendencje w procesie nominacji w powiązaniu z uregulowaniami prawnymi z tego czasu, jak również w związku z historią, kulturą i tradycjami tej społeczności zamieszkującej obszar jednej żydowskiej gminy wyznaniowej.
Women’s marital surname change has been discussed as comprising one possible signal of intention to remain married, and may be perceived as such, and valued, by husbands. Here, the practice was ...investigated as a potential predictor of marital duration among couples who went on to divorce. An archival analysis was based on a search of all available, opposite-sex divorces filed over an 8-month period in a Canadian county. Among couples (
n
= 107) divorcing, marriages the women in which underwent marital surname change lasted 60% longer, controlling for wife’s age at the time of marriage. When the woman’s marital surname change/retention was used as a regression predictor of number of children of the marriage alongside marriage duration in years, only the latter was predictive. No husband took his wife’s surname. Giving the maternal surname (along with the paternal surname) to children occurred at a negligible frequency. Potential reasons for these findings including costly signaling and, ultimately, paternity uncertainty, as well as possible implications for public policy, are discussed.
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