The article is devoted to the analysis of problems and genre originality of Y. Polyakov's three-part novel “Gypsum trumpeter”. The novel, written in the style of grotesque realism, is multifaceted, ...it contains many insert stories of historical, detective, and lyrical nature. Such a genre form serves the writer's intention to expose the vicious phenomena of the surrounding reality. The same goal is served by a wide arsenal of skillfully used poetic devices: occasional words and phrases, author's neologisms, detailed hyperbolas and litotes, unexpected comparisons. The novel abounds in aphorisms. The precedent-setting phenomenon is used in the titles of most chapters of the work. The author's attitude to the characters is shown in the “talking” surnames, bright portrait sketches. Subject-household details, epigrams give vivacity to the narrative. The novel is devoted to creative people, and in the text a lot of space is occupied by reflections and disputes about the purpose of art, about what real art should be. Paying tribute to the servants of the Muse, the author tells about inspiration, hard creative work and the torments of creation.
Criticising the use of the generic masculine, feminist and gender linguists have proposed different alternatives. In the Czech context, the following three types of alternatives can be distinguished: ...(1) feminisation, (2) neutralisation and paraphrases, and (3) making non-binary persons linguistically more visible. Empirical studies on the usage frequency of these alternatives, however, are lacking. This paper addresses this issue by analysing agentive nouns and the feminisation of surnames in selected Czech newspapers. The results show that in references to individual women almost exclusive use is made of feminine expressions. Mixed-gender groups are still largely referred to using the generic masculine. In only a minority of occurrences are neutralising strategies used to refer to persons. What is more common, however, is to find neutralising strategies being used where the intention of expressing gender fairness was probably not the reason for their use, as referring to persons is not their primary function. Neither pair forms nor graphic symbols for non-binary reference are used. The surnames of female foreign nationals are almost always feminised, even though this is not necessary and the texts provide other linguistic means of identifying the persons as women. Based on an analysis of the distribution of generically-intended masculine expressions in the analysed texts, I propose dividing them into two types according to whether or not there is an obvious inclusion of females and non-binary persons.
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Surnaming practices are a case study of change and continuity in patrilineal conventions in families and also alert us to the challenges of negotiating familial identities in an era of family ...diversity. Using data from two Australian sources, 430,753 Victorian birth registrations and 43 in-depth interviews with heterosexual and lesbian parents, we explore continuity and breaks with convention in surnaming children. For married and unmarried heterosexual couples, the dominant surnaming practice was for children to take their father’s name. By contrast, several surnaming strategies were more popular among lesbian couples including: using hyphenated or double-barrelled surnames, using the birth or non-birth mother’s surname or creating a new name for the family. Despite these differences, we contend that through their surnaming decisions both lesbian and heterosexual couples are concerned with displaying the legitimacy of their parental relationships to extended family and institutional audiences. For unmarried heterosexual couples, surnames display ‘intact’ families and paternal commitment whereas for lesbian couples the legitimacy concern is the recognition of the same-sex couple as parents.
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A list of the first Jews deported from Compiègne, France on 27 March 1942 to Auschwitz-Birkenau was never found. Similarly, there is no known arrival list for this convoy. All the 1112 men entered ...the camp, were assigned prisoner numbers, and were then tattooed. In 1978, Serge Klarsfeld created a list by assembling sub-lists from WWII and immediate post-war sources. Despite significant ongoing research by Klarsfeld and others, no definitive list was ever compiled. Material recorded and maintained by the Nazis (daily count book, death registers, entry cards) pertaining to this early period does exist. This paper demonstrates how systematic use of Auschwitz prisoner numbers combined with French censuses and metrical records enabled us to significantly revise our records of who was deported in this transport, by eliminating dozens of names, amending many more, and adding several others.
The article covers the questions connected with life and activity of a certain circle of known people, many of which were born in Turkmenistan, at will of destiny at children's age were brought up ...out of the primary native land. The Mamed-khan Tekinsky (1880?–1938) was one of those which description of destiny became the primary goal for the author of given article. Basiing on the historical and biographical method, the main milestones in the life and work of celebrities of the first decades of the twentieth century, who bore surnames uncharacteristic for the Turkmen, were identified, in particular, Mamed Khan Tekinsky. During the study it was revealed that information about him can be found in the state archive of the Odessa region of Ukraine, many materials can be found in the works of Azerbaijani scientists, at the same time, his fate after April 1920 is unknown. The conclusions emphasize the need to continue the study of the biography of Mamed Khan Tekinsky, namely his Turkmen period, in order to fully present the biography and biography of Mamed Khan Tekinsky – a lawyer, statesman, an outstanding diplomat of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic – the first state of the Turkic peoples of the European type.
Names are increasingly recognised in sociology as important routes for understanding family relationships, as well as familial and individual identities. In this article, we use qualitative ‘name ...story’ data to examine the meanings of surnames for adults who were adopted as a child and for adults who have adopted a child. Our findings suggest that adult adoptees and adopters can feel differently about surnames and how these connect them—or otherwise—to familial identities of belonging and to their own individual identities. Especially for adopters, shared surnames are understood as important for ‘family-making’ through the way they cement and display familial belonging. Adult adoptees’ feelings about belonging, birth surnames and adoptive surnames appeared more complicated and often changed over time. For some, adoption enabled a flexibility in the choice and use of different surnames. Cultures of patronymic and patrilineal surnaming meant that women adoptees and women adopters also faced an additional layer of complexity that shaped decisions made about surnames and family belonging. Through examining experiences of and feelings about family names in adoption, our article highlights the complexities of surname praxis in identity construction, adoptive family life and lineages.
Contemporary Lithuania remains the only European country in which official feminine surnames indicate their bearers’ marital status, and this has been the object of fierce public debates over the ...past decade. Czechia and Slovakia grapple with surprisingly similar issues, even though Czech and Slovak feminine surnames do not reveal marital status. Similar debates in Poland took place a century earlier, a fact which may indicate the possible direction of the changes in the three countries studied. The aim of this article is to present debates concerning feminine surnames in Lithuania from a wider perspective, regarding contemporary Czechia and Slovakia, as well as Poland in the interwar period, and to show from a wider Central and Eastern European perspective that, despite the obvious differences in naming patterns, Lithuanian discussions are not exceptional, and they are part of a larger tendency towards more freedom in the choice of official surname forms for women. It is evident that, although female surnames are inexorably embedded in the language systems of the countries in which they function, their future largely depends on extralinguistic factors such as societal attitudes. While feminine surnames in European states generally seem to be on the decline, the most controversial remain those types that reveal marital status or imply male possession of women, though pragmatic factors might play some role as well, particularly in the case of minorities.
The analysis of multiple population structures (biodemographic, genetic and socio-cultural) and their inter-relations contribute to a deeper understanding of population structure and population ...dynamics. Genetically, the population structure corresponds to the deviation of random mating conditioned by a limited number of ancestors, by restricted migration in the social or geographic space, or by preference for certain consanguineous unions. Through the isonymic method, surname frequency and distribution across the population can supply quantitative information on the structure of a human population, as they constitute universal socio-cultural variables. Using documentary sources to undertake the Doctrine of Belén's (Altos de Arica, Chile) historical demography reconstruction between 1763 and 1820, this study identified an indigenous population with stable patronymics. The availability of complete marriage, baptism and death records, low rates of migration and the significant percentage of individuals registered and constantly present in this population favoured the application of the isonymic method. The aim of this work was to use given names and surnames recorded in these documentary sources to reconstruct the population structure and migration pattern of the Doctrine of Belén between 1750 and 1813 through the isonymic method. The results of the study were consistent with the ethno-historical data of this ethnic space, where social cohesion was, in multiple ways, related to the regulation of daily life in colonial Andean societies.
This paper outlines a study of surnames used by various Jewish groups in the Land of Israel for Ashkenazic Jews, prior to the First Aliyah (1881), and for Sephardic and Oriental Jews up to the end of ...the 1930s. For the 16th–18th centuries, the surnames of Jews who lived in Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias, and Hebron can be mainly extracted from the rabbinic literature. For the 19th century, by far the richest collection is provided by the materials of the censuses organized by Moses Montefiore (1839–1875). For the turn of the 20th century, data for several additional censuses are available, while for the 1930s, we have access to the voter registration lists of Sephardic and Oriental Jews of Jerusalem, Safed, and Haifa. All these major sources were used in this paper to address the following questions: the use or non-use of hereditary family names in various Jewish groups, the geographic roots of Jews that composed the Yishuv, as well as the existence of families continuously present in the Land of Israel for many generations.
Nazwiska nieurzędowe spotyka się rzadko; nazwiska zwykle mają bowiem obecnie charakter oficjalny. W przypadku obywateli polskich narodowości litewskiej są one jednak zjawiskiem występującym od dawna, ...choć ujawniającym się głównie – a do czasu wejścia w życie „Ustawy o Mniejszościach Narodowych" (2005) przede wszystkim – w komunikacji wewnątrzgrupowej. Wobec braku (do niedawna) możliwości zalegalizowania formy litewskiej, to antroponimiczne dziedzictwo kulturowe jest zwykle przekazywane międzypokoleniowo jedynie nieformalnie. Na podstawie analizy ok. 330 par nazwisk, wyekscerpowanych z obejmujących obszar zwartego zamieszkania mniejszości litewskiej książek telefonicznych (dwóch polskich i jednej litewskojęzycznej), artykuł omawia pod kątem socjoonomastycznym (por. Ainiala, 2016) zjawisko równoległego funkcjonowania wśród członków mniejszości litewskiej w Polsce nazwisk w dwu postaciach: oficjalnej polskiej i nieoficjalnej litewskiej. Te ostatnie różnią się od oficjalnych graficznie oraz morfonologicznie, a w przypadku blisko 30% wzajemne przyporządkowanie obu grup nie jest jednoznaczne (tzn. jednej formie polskiej odpowiada więcej niż jedna litewska, bądź odwrotnie, jednej litewskiej dwie lub nawet więcej polskich). Należy podkreślić, że obecność formalnych wykładników litewskości (litewskie diakrytyki, końcówki fleksyjne, sufiksy żeńskie) nie musi implikować litewskiej etymologii nazwiska. Sytuację dodatkowo komplikuje fakt, że zamieszkujący północno-wschodni kraniec Polski członkowie mniejszości litewskiej w naszym kraju na co dzień posługują się nie literackim językiem litewskim, którym zapisują swe nazwiska w dokumentach mniejszościowych (takimi jak czasopisma mniejszości litewskiej „Aušra", „Suvalkietis", „Šaltinis", „Terra Jatwezenorum", czy dwujęzyczne świadectwa szkolne w szkołach z litewskim językiem nauczania), a gwarą dzukowską, i z reguły taką też ich nazwiska mają postać mówioną. Obrazu dopełniają przeprowadzone na początku 2018 roku wywiady z około 40 przedstawicielami tej mniejszości oraz wypowiedzi na forum Litwinów w Polsce, dotyczące ich stosunku do oficjalnej (re)lituanizacji nazwisk. Wywiady umożliwiły poznanie zdania respondentów starszych (powyżej 40. roku życia), zaś posty w Internecie – opinii osób młodszych.
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