The study investigated the financial sustainability of the federal health institutions in Nigeria. The population of the study comprised twenty-five (25) federal health institutions from four (4) ...geo-political zones and Abuja. Secondary data were sourced from Annual General Warrant from the Office of the Accountant General of the Federation and Audited Financial Statements of the Public Sector Entities. Data obtained were analyzed using Balanced Score Card techniques. The results showed that none of the sampled federal health institutions in Nigeria attained a basic standard of sustainability test, whereby the ratios of their Internally Generated Revenue to recurrent expenditure is between (40 – 60)% or 0.04 and 0.6.This indicates the inability of the institutions to generate sufficient revenue independently to cover even the operational expenses in the short-run. Also, the results equally showed the highest positive operating surplus ratios of 1%-5% of operational sustainability indicating that the health institutions heavily depended on central authority’s funding for their survival. The results further revealed that none of the federal health institutions attained both intermediate and advance standards of sustainability tests. In conclusion, federal health institutions in Nigeria are heavily dependent on central authority for sustenance. Therefore, the central authorities should roll out blueprints that will make the institutions widen their internally generated revenue capacity and reduce the reliance on central authority’s funding for survival.
This paper reassesses the sustainability of fiscal policy in India from 1950 to 2010. Overall, the evidence broadly supports the hypothesis that the fiscal policy is "weakly" sustainable and ...documents a higher speed of adjustment to the intertemporal budget constraint than earlier papers do. Notwithstanding this improvement in the fiscal outlook, the author suggests that India should pursue a policy of fiscal consolidation in the years ahead, both because the ratio of public debt to the gross domestic product is still high compared to other emerging market countries and because "weak" fiscal solvency implies potential adverse consequences on the management of public debt.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
An oil-producing country face fiscal challenges arising from the fact that oil revenue is exhaustible, volatile, and uncertain and largely originates from abroad. The dependence of government revenue ...on oil proceeds which are unpredictable significantly complicates fiscal management policy in short and long run. Sustainability generally, concerns current and expected future policies. If governments do not expect current and future policies to lead to an intertemporal budget constraint, then the fiscal process would be unsustainable. This paper has empirically examined the sustainability of fiscal policy in Iran and provides a theoretical framework for analyzing of the sustainability of fiscal policy based on the government intertemporal budget constraint. Co integration and multi co integration methodologies such as Engle-Granger and Johansen-Josilios as well as Barro’s (1979, 1986) Tax-Smoothing Model were used to evaluate fiscal budgeting processes in Iran. It was found that the fiscal budgeting process in Iran is not sustainable and the Iranian fiscal policy, as far as oil and gas income is concerned, is not a fully responsible policy. In addition the evidence in this research shows that the government spending and revenues in Iran are independent.
Oksidacija lipida predstavlja glavni problem u životinjskim mastima, ona prouzrokuje važnu promjenu kemijskih, senzorskih i nutritivnih svojstava. Svinjska mast podliježe oksidaciji tijekom ...proizvodnje, skladištenja i toplinske obrade. U ovom radu istraživan je utjecaj dodatka prirodnih antioksidanasa (ekstrakt ružmarina tip Oxy’Less CS, ekstrakt kadulje, ekstrakt maslinove komine, alfa tokoferol, mješavina tokoferola) i sintetskih antioksidanasa (PG, BHA) na promjenu oksidacijske stabilnosti svinjske masti. Oksidacijska stabilnost masti, sa i bez dodanog antioksidansa, ispitivana je primjenom Testa održivosti na 98 oC. Rezultati testa prikazani su kao vrijednost peroksidnog broja (mmol O2/kg) nakon određenog vremena držanja uzorka pri temperaturi 98 °C. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da veću antioksidacijsku aktivnost ima ekstrakt ružmarina tip Oxy’Less CS, ostvario je veću efikasnost zaštite svinjske masti od oksidacije, u odnosu na druge ispitivane antioksidanse. Sintetski antioksidansi propil galat i butilhidroksianisol uspješno su povećali stabilnost svinjske masti prema oksidaciji pri čemu veće antioksidacijsko djelovanje pokazuje propil galat.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj prirodnih i sintetskih antioksidansa na kvalitetu i stabilnost animalnih masti. Na uzorcima, sa i bez dodatka prirodnih antioksidansa (ekstrakt kadulje, ...ružmarina i đumbira) dodanih u masti u koncentraciji od 0,2 % i sintetskih antioksidansa (PG-propil galat, BHA-butilhidroksianizol i BHT-butilhidroksitoluen) dodanih u masti u koncentraciji 0,01 % ispitivane su vrijednosti peroksidnog broja i sadržaja slobodnih masnih kiselina. Oksidativna stabilnost masti određena je testom održivosti na 98 °C tokom 7 dana. Svaka 24 sata ispitivane su peroksidna vrijednost i slobodne masne kiseline za sve uzorke goveđe, ovčje i kozje masti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su primijenjeni antioksidansi uspješno stabilizirali sve animalne masti u odnosu na kontrolni uzorak. Analiza sastava masnih kiselina baznih uzoraka (bez dodataka prirodnih antioksidansa) pokazuje da su palmitinska, stearinska i oleinska masna kiselina najzastupljenije u animalnim mastima. Najveća ukupna vrijednost SFA utvrđena je u ovčjoj masti (66,85 %), a najniža u kozjoj masti (56,57 %). U goveđoj masti ukupan sadržaj SFA iznosio je 59,26 %. Stearinska kiselina je najzastupljenija u ovčjoj masti (37,75 %), dok su goveđa i kozja mast imale niže i približno jednake vrijednosti (27,93% i 26,91%). Nakon staerinske, palmitinska kiselina je najzastupljenija u goveđoj masti s 27,78 %, zatim 25,25% u ovčjoj i 24,91% u kozjoj masti. Od mononezasićenih kiselina (MUFA) u kozjoj masti najviše je zastupljena oleinska kiselina (38,16%), dok je nešto niža u goveđoj (36,61 %), a najmanje u ovčjoj (27,60 %). Ukupne nezasićene masne kiseline (UFA) najviše su zastupljene u kozjoj masti (43,51 %), zatim u goveđoj (40,82 %), dok su značajno manje zastupljene u ovčjoj masti (32,95 %). Među polinezasićenim kiselinama (PUFA), najveći sadržaj linolne kiseline je u ovčjoj masti (4,19 %). U goveđoj masti linolna kiselina je bila 60 % niža u odnosu na ovčju (0,76 %), a 10 % viša u odnosu na kozju (1,89 %). Na osnovu sadržaja pojedinačnih masnih kiselina i sadržaja pojedinih grupa masnih kiselina: SFA, UFA, MUFA, PUFA, izračunati su nutritivni indeksi ispitivanih masti. Zaključeno je da se ispitani uzorci goveđe, ovčje i kozje masti bez dodatka antioksidansa ne mogu deklarirati kao proizvodi visoke nutritivne vrijednosti. Nutritivna vrijednost izražena kroz omjer PUFA/SFA za goveđu mast bila je 0,01, a ovčja i kozja mast 0,06.
Mast jazavca ima ljekovita svojstva koja proizlaze iz načina ishrane jazavca. Životinjska mast podliježe oksidacijskom kvarenju tijekom proizvodnje, skladištenja i toplinske obrade. U ovom radu ...istraživan je utjecaj dodatka prirodnih antioksidanasa (ekstrakt ružmarina, ekstrakt kadulje, alfa tokoferol, mješavina tokoferola) i sintetskog antioksidansa propil galata na promjenu oksidacijske stabilnosti masti jazavca. Oksidacijska stabilnost masti jazavca, sa i bez dodanog antioksidansa, ispitivana je primjenom testa održivosti na 98 °C. Rezultati testa prikazani su kao vrijednost peroksidnog broja nakon određenog vremena držanja uzorka pri temperaturi 98 °C. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da dodani antioksidansi uspješno stabiliziraju mast jazavca. Od prirodnih antioksidanasa veću antioksidacijsku aktivnost u masti jazavca ima ekstrakt ružmarina tip Oxy’Less CS. Postigao je veću efikasnost zaštite od oksidacije, u odnosu na druge ispitivane antioksidanse. Sintetski antioksidans propil galat uspješno je povećao stabilnost masti jazavca, ali je manje efikasan od ekstrakta ružmarina i mješavine tokoferola.
Badger fat has healing properties resulting from badgers' diet. Animal fat is subject to oxidative deterioration during production, storage and heat treatment. This study examined the effect of natural antioxidants (rosemary extract, sage extract, alpha-tocopherol, tocopherol blend) and synthetic antioxidant propyl gallate on the oxidative stability of badger fat. The oxidative stability of badger fat, with and without added antioxidant, was evaluated using the sustainability test at 98 °C. The test results were expressed as the peroxide value after keeping the samples for a certain period of time at the temperature of 98 °C. The results of the study showed that applying antioxidants successfully stabilises badger fat. Among natural antioxidants, the rosemary extract type Oxy'Less CS demonstrated higher antioxidant activity in badger fat. Compared to Other tested antioxidants, it was more efficient in achieving a greater protection from oxidation. Although the synthetic antioxidant propyl gallate successfully increased the stability of badger fat, it was less efficient than rosemary extract and tocopherol blends.
Das Dachsfett hat heilende Eigenschaften, die aus der Ernährung von Dachsen resultieren. Tierisches Fett unterliegt bei der Herstellung,
Lagerung und Wärmebehandlung einer Oxidation. In dieser Studie wurde die Wirkung natürlicher Antioxidantien (Rosmarinextrakt, Salbei-Extrakt,
Alpha-Tocopherol, Mischtocopherolen) und synthetischen Antioxidationsmittels Propylgallat auf die Oxidationsstabilität von Dachsfett untersucht. Die Oxidationsstabilität von Dachsfett, mit und ohne Zusatz von Antioxidationsmittel, wurde mit Hilfe des Nachhaltigkeitstests bei 98°C bewertet. Die Ergebnisse werden als Peroxidzahl-Wert ausgedrückt, nachdem die Proben eine bestimmte Zeit lang bei einer Temperatur von 98°C aufbewahrt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die eingesetzten Antioxidantien das Dachsfett erfolgreich stabilisieren. Von den natürlichen Antioxidantien hat der Rosmarinextrakt vom Typ Oxy'Less CS eine höhere antioxidative Aktivität im Dachsfett. Es hat eine größere Wirksamkeit des Schutzes vor Oxidation
im Vergleich zu anderen getesteten Antioxidantien erreicht. Das synthetische Antioxidationsmittel Propylgallat hat die Stabilität des Dachsfetts erfolgreich erhöht, aber weniger wirksam als Rosmarinextrakt und Tocopherol-Mischungen.
Il grasso del tasso ha proprietà curative che derivano dal modo in cui l’animale viene alimentato. Il grasso animale è soggetto all’irrancidimento per ossidazione durante la produzione, l’immagazzinamento e il trattamento termico. In questo studio è stato esaminato l’impatto dell’aggiunta di antiossidanti naturali (estratto di rosmarino, estratto di salvia, alfa-tocoferolo, miscela di tocoferoli) e dell’antiossidante sintetico propile gallato sulla modificazione della stabilità ossidativa del grasso del tasso. La stabilità ossidativa del grasso del tasso, con e senza l’aggiunta d’antiossidanti, è stata esaminata mediante il test di sostenibilità a 98 °C. I risultati del test sono stati espressi come il valore del numero di perossidi dopo che il campione è stato tenuto per un certo tempo alla temperatura di 98° C. I risultati della ricerca hanno dimostrato che gli antiossidanti aggiunti stabilizzano efficacemente il grasso del tasso. Tra gli antiossidanti naturali, l’estratto di rosmarino tipo Oxy’Less CS ha fatto riscontrare una maggiore attività antiossidante. Esso ha garantito una protezione antiossidante superiore rispetto agli altri antiossidanti presi in esame. Anche l’antiossidante sintetico propile gallato ha aumentato la stabilità ossidativa del grasso del tasso, ma s’è dimostrato meno efficace dell’estratto di rosmarino e della miscela di tocoferoli.
La grasa de tejón tiene propiedades medicinales como el resultado de la dieta del tejón. La grasa animal está sujeta a la oxidación durante al producción, el almacenamiento y el tratamiento térmico. En este trabajo fue investigado el efecto de los antioxidantes naturales (el extracto de romero, el extracto de salvia, el alfatocoferol, la mezcla de tocoferoles) y del antioxidante sintético galato de propilo sobre la estabilidad oxidativa de la grasa de tejón. La estabilidad oxidativa de la grasa de tejón, con y sin antioxidante agregado, fue evaluada a través de la prueba de sostenibilidad a 98 °C. Los resultados de la prueba fueron mostrados como el índice de peróxido después de mantener la muestra por un tiempo a la temperatura de 98 °C. Los resultados muestran qu los antioxidantes añadidos estabilizan la grasa del tejón. Entre los antioxidantes naturales, la mayor actividad antioxidante en la grasa del tejón tiene el extracto de romero tipo Oxy’Less CS. Ha logrado una mayor eficiencia de la protección de la oxidación, en comparación con otros antioxidantes probados. El antioxidante sintético, el galato de propilo, ha aumentado la estabilidad de la grasa de tejón, pero fue menos eficaz que el extracto de romero y las mezclas de tocoferoles.
Influence of antioxidants on oxidative stability of beef tallow
Fats are contained in the majority of foods that are consumed daily. Beef tallow is one of the most complex fats found in nature. ...Tallow is subject to oxidation during the production, storage and heat treatment. This study researched the effect of natural antioxidants (rosemary extract type Oxy’Less CS and type StabilEnhance, sage extract, alpha tocopherol, mixture tocopherol) and synthetic antioxidants (PG, BHA) on the oxidative stability of beef tallow. The oxidative stability of beef tallow, with and without added antioxidant, was evaluated using the sustainability test at 98 oC. The results are expressed as peroxide value (mmol O2/kg) obtained after storing the sample for a certain period of time at the temperature of 98°C. The results showed that applied antioxidants successfully stabilized the beef tallow. Among natural antioxidants, rosemary extract type Oxy'Less CS showed a higher antioxidant activity in beef tallow. In comparison with other tested antioxidants, it achieved greater efficiency in protecting the beef tallow from oxidation. Synthetic antioxidants propyl galate and butylhydroxyanisole successfully increased the stability of beef tallow, whereby propyl galate showed a higher antioxidant activity.
Einfluss von Antioxidantien auf die oxidative Stabilität von Rindertalg
Fette sind Bestandteil der meisten Lebensmittel, die täglich konsumiert werden. Rindertalg ist eines der komplexesten Fette in der Natur. Talg oxidiert während der Herstellung, Lagerung und Wärmebehandlung. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Wirkung natürlicher Antioxidantien (Rosmarinextrakt vom Typ Oxy’Less CS und Typ StabilEnhance, Salbei-Extrakt, Alpha-Tocopherol, Tocopherol Gemisch) und synthetischer Antioxidantien (PG, BHA) auf die oxidative Stabilität von Rindertalg untersucht. Die oxidative Stabilität von Rindertalg mit und ohne Zusatz von Antioxidationsmitteln wurde unter Verwendung des Nachhaltigkeitstests bei 98°C geprüft. Die Ergebnisse wurden als Peroxidzahlwert (mmol O2/kg) ausgewiesen, nachdem die Probe einen bestimmten Zeitraum bei einer Temperatur von 98°C gehalten wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die eingesetzten Antioxidantien den Rindertalg erfolgreich stabilisieren. Von den natürlichen Antioxidantien weist der Rosmarinextrakt vom Typ Oxy'Less CS eine höhere antioxidative Aktivität im Rindertalg auf. Im Vergleich zu anderen getesteten Antioxidantien, konnte er den Rindertalg effizienter vor der Oxidation schützen. Synthetische Antioxidationsmittel Propylgallat und Butylhydroxyanisol konnten die Stabilität von Rindertalg erfolgreich erhöhen, wobei Propylgallat eine höhere antioxidative Aktivität aufweist.
Impatto dell’aggiunta di antiossidanti sulla stabilità ossidativa del sego
I grassi fanno parte della gran parte dei cibi che consumiamo quotidianamente. Il grasso bovino, o sego, è uno dei grassi più complessi in natura. Il sego è soggetto a deterioramento ossidativo durante la produzione, l’immagazzinamento e il trattamento termico. In questo studio è stato esaminato l’impatto dell’aggiunta di antiossidanti naturali (estratto di rosmarino tipo Oxy’Less CS, tipo StabilEnhance, estratto di salvia, alfa tocoferoli, mix di tocoferoli) e di antiossidanti di sintesi (PG, BHA) sulla stabilità ossidativa del sego. La stabilità ossidativa del sego, co o senza l’aggiunta di antiossidante, è stata esaminata mediante l’applicazione del test di sostenibilità a 98 °C. I risultati del test sono stati illustrati come valore del numero di perossido (mmol O2/kg) dopo un certo tempo in cui il campione è stato tenuto alla temperatura di 98 °C. I risultati dello studio mostrano che l’uso di antiossidanti stabilizza efficacemente il grasso bovino. Tra quelli naturali, la maggior attività antiossidante sul grasso bovino è stata evidenziata dall’estratto di rosmarino tipo Oxy’Less CS che s’è dimostrato più efficace nella protezione del sego dall’ossidazione rispetto agli altri antiossidanti naturali testati. Gli antiossidanti di sintesi, come il propil-gallato e il butilidrossianisolo, hanno efficacemente aumentato la stabilità ossidativa del sego, con una prevalenza in questo senso del propil-gallato.
La influencia de los antioxidantes añadidos sobre la estabilidad oxidativa de la grasa de res
Las grasas forman parte de la mayoría de los alimentos consumidos diariamente. La grasa de res es una de las grasas más complejas en la naturaleza. La grasa está sujeta al deterioro oxidativo durante la producción, almacenamiento y el tratamiento térmico. En este trabajo fue investigada la influencia de la añadidura de los antioxidantes naturales (el extracto de romero tipo Oxy’Less CS, el tipo StabilEnhance, el extracto de salvia, el alfa-tocoferol, la mezcla de tocoferol) y de los antioxidantes sintéticos (PG, BHA) sobre el cambio de la estabilidad oxidativa de la grasa de res. La estabilidad oxidativa de la grasa de res, con y sin antioxidantes, fue analizada por la prueba de sostenibilidad a los 98 °C. Los resultados de la prueba fueron expresados por el número de peróxido (mmol O2/kg) después de mantener las muestras a los 98 °C por cierto período de tiempo. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que los antioxidantes aplicados estabilizan satisfactoriamente la grasa de res. Entre los antioxidantes naturales, la mayor actividad antioxidante en la grasa de res tiene el extracto de romero tipo Oxy’Less CS. Alcanzó mayor eficiencia de protección de la grasa de res de la oxidación, en comparación con otros antioxidantes naturales probados. Los antioxidantes sintéticos el galato de propilo y el hidroxibutilanisol aumentaron la estabilidad de la grasa de res y el galato de propilo mostró mayor actividad antioxidante
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