The B building sector contributes to 40% of the carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Several studies show that high-performance MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) buildings contribute to reducing carbon ...emissions. This study discusses the evaluation of natural lighting in educational buildings, namely the MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) Cimahi building. This research was conducted using direct survey methods via measuring and simulating the natural lighting using Sefaira. The simulation results show that natural lighting in the building does not meet lumination standards. This article concludes that the addition of a roof overhang, windowed areas, façade elements, and shading strategies are all factors that can affect natural lighting in the MAN (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri) Cimahi building.
From the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II, several researchers in East and South Asia utilized personal and environmental variables to establish the thermal comfort model. Body temperatures ...at several locations were the most utilized personal input. The collected papers from 2003 to 2022 were utilized to analyze the progressive development of the thermal comfort model by using VOSviewer. The results indicate that scant research discusses the relationship between multiple physiological parameters and thermal comfort index under dynamic environments and neutral thermal comfort threshold. Therefore, this study establishes the physiological thermal comfort model under cold and hot environments for young subjects in Asia. The results indicate that people are more sensitive to cold stimulation than hot due to the cold sensors of human skin closing to the surface. The human temperature-regulated mechanism operates spontaneously to manage heat conservation and dissipation during cold/hot stimulation. During cold/hot stimulations, the neutral thermal comfort threshold of three physiological parameters adjusts with the level and properties of the stimulation. For the TSV models established by the single physiological parameter, the forehead skin temperature had a closer relationship with TSV than the other two parameters. However, the TSV model established by the multiple physiological parameters is the closest one to TSV among them all. This information could benefit air conditioner manufacturers and household occupancy decision makers to select a better controlling strategy for air conditioners for saving air-conditioning electricity but not sacrificing dwelling comfort.
Green building with the purpose of increasing personal comfort is a vital problem that requires immediate attention. As a result, it is necessary to measure interior individual thermal comfort (IITC) ...to design a thermal environment that is both comfortable and ecologically beneficial. We offer a hybrid Extreme Learning Machine-Fuzzified Hunger Games Search model (ELM-Fuzz-HGS) to solve this issue. First, an ELM forecasting model is suggested to evaluate the predicted mean vote (PMV) metric. However, the randomized tuning of ELM parameters results in the final model being unreliable, ill-conditioning, and lacking resilience. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a novel fuzzified HGS learning technique, dubbed Fuzz-HGS, for maximizing dynamic assessment and energy efficiency. Actually, fuzzy systems were employed to address the HGS's shortcomings in balancing the exploration and exploitation phases. A thorough empirical database based on ASHRAE and ISO standards is developed to ensure a fair comparison, which includes six input data and one status. tAlong with Fuzz-HGS, five ELM-based metaheuristics are developed: the ELM-henry gas suitability optimization (ELM-HGSO), the ELM-arithmetic optimization algorithm (ELM-AOA), the ELM-chimp optimization algorithm (ELM-ChOA), the ELM-modified grey wolf optimizer (ELM-MGWO), and the marine predator algorithm (ELM-MPA). It has been discovered that from high to low, ELM-Fuzz-HGS, ELM-ChOA, ELM-MPA, ELM-MGWO, ELM-HGSO, ELM-AOA, and conventional ELM are the best performing ELM-based models for forecasting the PMV model from 42 to 36 to 30 to 24 to 18 to 6 such that the most accurate ELM-Fuzz-HGS is recommended for PMV model prediction.
•ELM-Fuzz-HGS considers posture variations, environmental and bodily variables.•ELM-Fuzz-HGS uses ELM instead of exciting iterative learning-based ANN.•HGS has evolved ELM to solve the ill-conditioning and lack of robustness.•Fuzzy systems were employed to balance the HGS's exploration and exploitation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Global environmental and energy concerns have led to a rapid growth in mandating the construction of more energy efficient dwellings in the UK. This is particularly true for the social housing sector ...which is partly founded by the government and it is expected to lead the way in this respect. To address this issue energy efficiency standards such as Passivhaus are increasingly adopted by both private and social housing sectors in the UK. However, data describing actual thermal performance of dwellings built to such standards, particularly in dense social housing flats, are scarce. This study considers the overheating risk during the cooling season in social housing flats built to the Passivhaus standard in the UK. It considers 25 flats over three cooling seasons in Coventry, UK. Overheating assessment based on Passivhaus criteria, using a fixed benchmark, suggests there is a significant risk of summer overheating with more than two-thirds of flats exceeding the benchmark. While the level of overheating in different flats varies considerably, detailed analysis indicates that this is more related to occupant behaviour than construction. An alternative approach to evaluating overheating risk is the adaptive thermal comfort model, which takes into account occupant vulnerability and actual outdoor temperature. Use of the adaptive benchmark suggests this overheating risk is lower for normal occupants; but higher for vulnerable occupants. These results not only have implications for the evaluation of overheating risk but also for the way in which social housing landlords place tenants of differing vulnerabilities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•A novel strategy is proposed for optimal control of VAV air-conditioning systems.•It correlates the resetting of the temperature set-points in individual zones.•It alleviates programming challenges ...for optimal control of multi-zone buildings.•It is very effective to balance the thermal comfort, IAQ and energy use.•Optimal control can be deployed on local control devices of limited capacity.
Determining the proper trade-off among thermal comfort, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and energy use is important for optimal control of air-conditioning systems. The number of optimization variables increases as systems become increasingly complex, as with multi-zone VAV (Variable Air Volume) air-conditioning systems, leading to large-scale mathematics programming challenges and inconveniences in the implementation of conventional centralized optimization strategies. This paper therefore proposes a real-time optimal control strategy adopting a multi-agent based distributed optimization method for multi-zone VAV air-conditioning systems. The proposed strategy consists of three novel schemes. First, a temperature set-point reset scheme adopts a linear rule to correlate the resetting of the temperature set-points in individual zones to simplify the optimization problem while applying proper optimization in individual zones. Second, a multi-objective optimization scheme optimizes the fresh air ratio of the supply air and the temperature set-point in the critical zone by formulating the multi-objective optimization problem. Third, a multi-agent distributed optimization scheme is developed to solve the optimization problem in a distributed manner, facilitating the deployment of local control devices of limited capacity. A TRNSYS-MATLAB co-simulation testbed is constructed to test and validate the proposed strategy. Test results show that the strategy is effective in properly balancing thermal comfort, IAQ and energy use while largely reducing programming challenges. The distributed optimization method can provide almost the same optimal outputs as conventional centralized optimization methods.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This cross-cultural research is an inaugural attempt to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort and the effect of cultural and social differences in hot arid climates. Case studies were carefully ...selected in two different parts of the world (Marrakech in North Africa and Phoenix, Arizona, in North America) to represent two different cultures in similar climatic context. Field surveys, carried out during winter and summer, included structured interviews with a standard questionnaire, observations and microclimatic monitoring. The results demonstrate a wide thermal comfort zone and prevalence of air-conditioning influencing thermal comfort requirements. The work also provides evidence of substantial cross-cultural differences in thermal comfort requirements between residents in Marrakech and Phoenix. It shows that adaptive measures, such as level of clothing, changing place, cold drinks consumption and thermal experience, varies between cultures and this influences the thermal evaluation of visitors in outdoor spaces in the hot arid climate. Evidence between the time spent in outdoor spaces and thermal expectations has been found. Moreover, environmental variables such as air temperature and solar radiation have a great impact on the use of the outdoor spaces in the hot arid climate and may determine the number of people in urban spaces. The study also identified significant differences in thermal comfort requirements between different socio-economic groups, highlighting the need for comfortable open spaces.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The couple of radiation with convection heating owned advantages of less energy utilization, healthier and more comfortable indoor environment. However, local thermal discomfort was often induced by ...large vertical temperature difference and radiation asymmetry temperature. This work studied indoor thermal environment characteristics under different coupling ways of radiation and convection heating terminals through experiments and CFD simulation. The studied five scenarios were denoted as: (I) lateral air supply + adjacent side wall radiation, (II) lateral air supply + opposite side wall radiation, (III) lateral air supply + floor radiation, (IV) lateral air supply + adjacent side wall radiation + floor radiation, and (V) lateral air supply + opposite side wall radiation + floor radiation. The overall thermal comfort indices (including air diffusion performance index (ADPI), predicted mean vote (PMV), and predicted percent of dissatisfaction (PPD)) and local thermal comfort indices under different scenarios were investigated. For Scenarios I–III, the local dissatisfaction rates caused by vertical air temperature difference were 0.4%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, respectively, which belonged to “A” class according to the ISO-7730 Standard. While the vertical asymmetric radiation temperature of Scenario I/II was about 6.5 °C lower than that of Scenario III/IV/V. The ADPI for Scenarios III–V were about respectively 5.7%, 16.7%, and 21.0% higher than that of Scenarios I–II, indicating that a large radiation area and radiation angle coefficient could reduce the discomfort caused by radiant temperature asymmetry. The coupling mode improved local discomfort by decreasing vertical temperature difference and radiation asymmetry temperature wherefore improving the PMV from −1.6 to −1. The lateral air supply coupled with asymmetric radiation heating could potentially improve the thermal comfort of occupied area, while the comprehensive effect of thermal environmental improvement, energy-saving, and cost-effectiveness needes to be further investigated.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•Sleeping thermal comfort using a bed-based ASHP was numerically studied.•A digital thermal manikin (DTM) was used to simulate a sleeping person.•The PTS-WPD model was used to evaluate sleeping ...thermal comfort.•Four factors affecting sleeping thermal comfort were numerically analyzed.
Sleeping is an important human activity and heating system is needed for a comfort sleeping thermal environment in winter. By combining the merits from both an air source heat pump (ASHP) and a Chinese-Kang heating system, a prototype bed-based ASHP (B-ASHP) system has been proposed, and several design/operating parameters were experimentally and numerically studied previously. A numerical study using a digital thermal manikin (DTM) on the impacts of four influencing factors, i.e., operating mode, bed surface temperature (tbed), thermal resistance of mattress (Rmat), and thermal resistance of quilt (Rq) on sleeping thermal comfort was carried out, and the study results are reported in this paper. The numerical study results suggested that firstly, to maintain a suitable sleeping thermal environment, the use of only the Horizontal section (H-Section) of the bed-based heating terminal of the B-ASHP system was adequate; however using the Horizontal and Vertical section (H + V-Section) could minimize the temperature difference between the micro-climate close to the bed and outside environment, although with a higher energy consumption. Secondly, tbed of the bed-based terminal should be carefully selected, and a tbed of 44 °C could both meet the requirement of thermal comfort and acceptable operating efficiency of the B-ASHP system. Thirdly, the use of a mattress would reduce the heat transfer from the bed-based terminal to a sleeping person and indoor space, however an excessively higher Rmat of mattress would reduce the heating capacity and operating efficiency, leading to a cold sleeping environment. Finally, the use of a quilt would help prevent the heat loss from a sleeping person, thereby maintaining a warmer sleeping thermal environment, however a higher-than-necessary Rq of quilt would decrease the sleeping thermal comfort.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Anomalous patterns in subjective votes can bias thermal comfort models built using data-driven approaches. A stochastic-based two-step framework to detect outliers in subjective thermal comfort data ...is proposed to address this problem. The anomaly detection technique involves defining similar conditions using a k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) method and then quantifying the dissimilarity of the occupants’ votes from their peers under similar thermal conditions through a Multivariate Gaussian approach. This framework is used to detect outliers in the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database I & II. The resulting anomaly-free dataset produced more robust comfort models avoiding dubious predictions. The proposed method has been proven to effectively distinguish outliers from inter-individual variabilities in thermal demand. The proposed anomaly detection framework could easily be applied to other applications with different variables or subjective metrics. Such a tool holds great promise for use in the development of occupancy responsive controls for automated building HVAC systems.
•A stochastic-based two-step framework to detect outliers in thermal comfort votes.•The method proposed has been tested on ASHRAE Comfort Database II.•The method was able to distinguish outliers from individual differences.•The anomaly-free dataset could provide more robust comfort models.•The proposed framework could be used in occupant responsive control.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The rapid urban expansion in East-Asian cities has increased the need for comfortable public spaces. This study presents field measurements and parametric simulations to evaluate the microclimatic ...characteristics in a university campus in the tropical climate of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study attempts to identify the thermally uncomfortable areas and their physical and design characteristics while debating on the circumstances of enhancing the outdoor comfort conditions for the campus users. Simulations in Envi-met and IES-VE are used to investigate the current outdoor thermal conditions, using classic thermal metric indices. Findings show high levels of thermal discomfort in most of the studied spaces. As a result, suggestions to improve the design quality of outdoor areas optimizing their thermal comfort conditions are proposed. The study concludes that effective re-design of outdoor spaces in the tropics, through adequate attention to the significant impacts of shading and vegetation, can result in achieving outdoor spaces with high frequency of use and improved comfort level.
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•Adequate attention to shading and vegetation results in enhancing outdoor thermal comfort.•The outdoor spaces with the highest PMV/PET values embrace similar characteristics.•The fully shaded areas can be used by users for 80% of the studied period.•The unshaded spots embrace high thermal discomfort levels for over 80% of the time.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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