T-carbon, as one of new carbon allotropes that was first predicted and then successfully synthesized, has been attracting intensive research interest in recent years and has emerged potential ...applications in various areas. Here we use the frequency-domain thermoreflectance technique to measure for the first time the thermal conductivity (κ) of T-carbon, and report the power law behavior of κ(T) ∼ T−0.75 in T-carbon, with a value of 31.9 Wm−1K−1 at 300 K, which are nicely consistent with first-principles calculations (33.06 Wm−1K−1). Among all existing carbon crystals, we find that T-carbon has the lowest thermal conductivity, being nearly 50 times lower than that of cubic diamond, which is caused by the large scattering phase space and strong phonon anharmonicity of C–C bonds with sp3 hybridization in T-carbon. Our study reveals that T-carbon with particularly low thermal conductivity could have potential applications in energy converting devices, and the analyzed mechanism would deepen our understanding on the thermal transport and chemical bonding of carbon crystals.
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Urged by the increasing power and packing densities of integrated circuits and electronic devices, efficient dissipation of excess heat from hot spot to heat sink through thermal interface materials ...(TIMs) is a growing demand to maintain system reliability and performance. In recent years, graphene‐based TIMs received considerable interest due to the ultrahigh intrinsic thermal conductivity of graphene. However, the cooling efficiency of such TIMs is still limited by some technical difficulties, such as production‐induced defects of graphene, poor alignment of graphene in the matrix, and strong phonon scattering at graphene/graphene or graphene/matrix interfaces. In this study, a 120 µm‐thick freestanding film composed of vertically aligned, covalently bonded graphene nanowalls (GNWs) is grown by mesoplasma chemical vapor deposition. After filling GNWs with silicone, the fabricated adhesive TIMs exhibit a high through‐plane thermal conductivity of 20.4 W m−1 K−1 at a low graphene loading of 5.6 wt%. In the TIM performance test, the cooling efficiency of GNW‐based TIMs is ≈1.5 times higher than that of state‐of‐the‐art commercial TIMs. The TIMs achieve the desired balance between high through‐plane thermal conductivity and small bond line thickness, providing superior cooling performance for suppressing the degradation of luminous properties of high‐power light‐emitting diode chips.
Graphene nanowalls, composed of high‐quality, vertically aligned, and covalently bonded graphene frameworks, exhibit excellent ability to improve the thermal conductivity of polymer‐based thermal interface materials. The resulting composites show a through‐plane thermal conductivity of 20.4 W m−1 K−1 at a filler content of 5.6 wt%, resulting in ≈1.5 times higher cooling efficiency compared to that of a commercial thermal pad.
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3.
Modelling of soil solid thermal conductivity He, Hailong; Li, Min; Dyck, Miles ...
International communications in heat and mass transfer,
July 2020, 2020-07-00, Volume:
116
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Soil solid thermal conductivity (λs) is critical to model effective soil thermal conductivity (λeff) that is required for engineering design and estimate of soil surface energy flux and soil ...temperature. However, it is impossible to measure λs because soil is a porous medium and there is no way to compact the soil to a continuous solid state without any pore spaces. The indirect estimation of λs requires saturation of the soils or a complete soil mineralogical information or mineral component such as quartz that has much greater thermal conductivity. Therefore, many approximation approaches of various complexities to predict λs have been proposed. However, few studies have been conducted to assess these models. An extensive review were conducted and returned 20 models to calculate λs. These models were categorized and their performances were assessed with a compiled dataset consisting of 65 soils from five studies. The results showed that the Johansen approach can give satisfactory λs given that quartz content is available (RMSE = 0.60 W m−1 °C−1, NSE = 0.91) and the Tarnawski et al. model suitable for Canadian soils (RMSE = 0.55 W m−1 °C−1, NSE = 0.92). The Côté and Konrad approach that inversely model λs based on the geometric mean model and measured soil thermal conductivity at full saturation (λsat) give accurate λs (RMSE = 0.22 W m−1 °C−1, NSE = 0.99), but cannot be applied to soils without λsat measurement. The other approaches that take use of soil thermal conductivity at dryness (λdry) give unsatisfactory λs. Therefore, a new three-point method (three measurements between λdry and λsat) based on the He et al. model was proposed to predict λs. The results showed this approach provides a reliable method to estimate λs (RMSE = 0.17 W m−1 °C−1, NSE = 0.99) at various textures and water contents without knowledge on mineralogical information.
•20 models to estimate solid thermal conductivity (λs) were evaluated•λs can be accurately estimated with the inversing geometric mean model at saturation (one point method)•A new three-point method based on the He et al. 2017 model were proposed to accurately model λs
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Electrostatic flocking is applied to create an array of aligned carbon fibers from which an elastomeric thermal interface material (TIM) can be fabricated with a high through‐plane thermal ...conductivity of 23.3 W/mK. A high thermal conductivity can be achieved with a significantly low filler level (13.2 wt%). As a result, this material retains the intrinsic properties of the matrix, i.e., elastomeric behavior.
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The temperature dependent lattice thermal conductivity (κph) of MAX phases, Mn+1AXn are calculated using the Debye theory as outlined by Slack. At high temperature the formula derived by Slack is a ...reasonable approximation to estimate the lattice thermal conductivity. The calculation used the large data base of elastic coefficients of stable MAX phases established recently. It is found that MAX phases with “A”=Al have higher κph at 1300K, and the majority of MAX carbides have higher κph than MAX nitrides. We have also calculated the minimum thermal conductivities of these MAX phases using the empirical formula suggested by Clarke. It is shown that the minimal lattice thermal conductivities of MAX carbides and nitrides are closer to each other in the 211 phases than in higher n phases. The calculated κph for 8 MAX phases at 1300K are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, especially in Ti2AlC, Nb4AlC3, Ta4AlC3, Nb2AlC and Nb2SnC phases.
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Polymer‐based thermal management materials (TIMs) show great potentials as TIMs due to their excellent properties, such as high insulation, easy processing, and good flexibility. However, the limited ...thermal conductivity seriously hinders their practical applications in high heat generation devices. Herein, highly transparent, insulating, and super‐flexible cellulose reinforced polyvinyl alcohol/nylon12 modified hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet (PVA/(CNC/PA‐BNNS)) films with quasi‐isotropic thermal conductivity are successfully fabricated through a vacuum filtration and subsequent self‐assembly process. A special structure composed of horizontal stacked hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h‐BNNSs) connected by their warping edges in longitudinal direction, which is strengthened by cellulose nanocrystals, is formed in PVA matrix during self‐assembly process. This special structure makes the PVA/(CNC/PA‐BNNS) films show excellent thermal conductivity with an in‐plane thermal conductivity of 14.21 W m−1 K−1 and a through‐plane thermal conductivity of 7.29 W m−1 K−1. Additionally, the thermal conductive anisotropic constants of the as‐obtained PVA/(CNC/PA‐BNNS) films are in the range of 1 to 4 when the h‐BNNS contents change from 0 to 60 wt%, exhibiting quasi‐isotropic thermal conductivity. More importantly, the PVA/(CNC/PA‐BNNS) films exhibit excellent transparency, super flexibility, outstanding mechanical strength, and electric insulation, making them very promising as TIMs for highly efficient heat dissipation of diverse electronic devices.
Quasi‐isotropically thermal conductive cellulose reinforced polyvinyl alcohol/nylon12 modified hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet films with high transparency, good electrical insulation, and super‐flexibility are successfully fabricated through a vacuum filtration and subsequent self‐assembly process. These films are very promising as thermal interface management materials for highly efficient heat dissipation of diverse electronic devices.
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Abstract The characteristics of metals are very important to know in order to get optimal utilisation. In this research, a system for measuring the heat propagation of various types of metals is ...developed. Measurements will be made using a number of LM35 sensors placed scattered on the metal to be tested. In this research, Arduino is used to read the data through ADC which then sends the data to the computer. The data is then processed simultaneously for several metal samples so that the heat propagation of each can be compared. The fixed parameters used in this research are the area of each plate and also the distance between the plates. Finally, the success of the method to measure the heat propagation of different metals is reported. Further results can be developed to identify different types of metals and their purity.
Excellent through‐plane thermally conductive composites are highly demanded for efficient heat dissipation. Giant sheets have large crystalline domain and significantly reduce interface phonon ...scattering, making them promising to build highly thermally conductive composites. However, realizing vertical orientation of giant sheets remains challenging due to their enormous mass and huge hydrodynamic drag force. Here, we achieve highly vertically ordered liquid crystals of giant graphite oxide (more than 100 µm in lateral dimension) by microwire shearing, which endows the composite with a recorded through‐plane thermal conductivity of 94 W m−1 K−1. Microscale shearing fields induced by vertical motion of microwires conquer huge hydrodynamic energy barrier and vertically reorient giant sheets. The resulting liquid crystals exhibit extremely retarded relaxation and impart large‐scale vertical array with bidirectional ordering degree as high as 0.82. The graphite array‐based composites demonstrate an ultrahigh thermal enhancement efficiency of over 35 times per unit volume. Furthermore, the composites improve cooling efficiency by 93% for thermal management tests compared to commercial thermal interface materials. This work offers a novel methodology to precisely manipulate the orientation of giant particles and promote large‐scale fabrication of vertical array with advanced functionalities.
Highly vertically ordered liquid crystals of giant graphite oxide (more than 100 µm in lateral dimension) is realized by microwire shearing, which endows the composite with a record high through‐plane thermal conductivity of 94 W m−1 K−1, 15% higher than that of pure Indium foil (81.8 W m−1 K−1).
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Comparison of the other models to new model and experimental data for 47nm nanoparticles 17 and different nanoparticles volume of fractions.
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•A dimensionless model is discussed to ...forecast thermal conductivity of nanofluids.•The proposed model considers knf, kbf, Φ, dp, Tnf, and t.•Proposed model has a good compatibility with experimental data of previous studies.
In this research, a dimensionless model is discussed to forecast effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids regarding the dimensionless groups. Nanofluids thermal conductivity is represented by this model as a function of thermal conductivity of nanoparticles and base liquid, nanoparticles size, volume fractions and interfacial shell properties. Moreover, temperature is considered as a most significant parameter for nanofluids thermal conductivity which influences even on the effective parameters. The results of modeling generate a non-linear correlation for thermal conductivity which demonstrates a good compatibility between present model and experimental data of Al2O3/H2O nanofluids compared to other models.
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Diamond/liquid metal composites hold significant promise for applications in thermal management. In this work, the effect of variation in surface roughness and sp2 carbon for diamond particles using ...different surface treatments on the thermal conductivity of diamond/InSnBi composites is systematically studied. AFM characterization shows that the surface roughness of the diamond increased by 2.74–6 times after air annealing. The XPS and Raman spectra confirm that the sp2 carbon is formed on the surface of the air-annealed diamond. With subsequent treatment of acid oxidation, the diamond exhibits a removal of the sp2 carbon and a slight increase in surface roughness. Compared with the InSnBi composite with the as-prepared diamonds, the composites with the air-annealed and air-acid treated diamonds exhibit an increase in thermal conductivity up to 60.37 and 65.44 W·m−1 K−1, which is higher than other composites with coating an interfacial layer. Such thermal conductivity improvement is attributed to the increase in diamond surface roughness, which enlarges the interfacial contact area for heat transfer. Additionally, the increase in diamond surface roughness enhances the wettability and interfacial bonding between diamond and InSnBi, which reduces their interface thermal resistance. These findings underscore the crucial role of increasing diamond surface roughness and the subsequent removal of sp2 carbon in enhancing the thermal conductivity of diamond/InSnBi composites.
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•The surface treatment of air annealing followed by acid oxidation leads to the increase in surface roughness of diamond.•The diamond/InSnBi composite with diamond surface treatment exhibits an increase of 1.81 times in thermal conductivity.•The improvement of the thermal conductivity is attributed to the increase in diamond surface roughness.
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