Modern energy systems are more and more based on integrated technologies in a world evolving towards increasing concerns not only for economics but also for environmental issues with a growing focus ...on resources and emissions. In parallel, information technologies including advanced simulation and optimisation algorithms develop at a rapid pace. Thermoeconomics based on either the First Law or exergy, together with cost factors distributed through its equipment, also evolved during the last 30 years. However modern muti-objective evolutionary optimisation techniques, extending the capacity to tackle optimisation considering a growing number of parameters including the internalization of the costs of emissions of whole systems has also emerged. The latter is called environomics. So far, the supply of energy services was essentially dominated by fossil-based resources with a high focus on operational costs. The new trends towards renewable energies requires a growing need to consider the embedded exergies since renewable energy, like solar energy, is economically free and operational costs are inherently low. While economic factors can vary over a broad spectrum throughout the years of operation, the embedded exergies are more stable values, particularly because the systems are built in a known economic and energetic environment. A new class of methods is only emerging to deal with more complete exergy approaches to formulate more holistic exergy life cycle analyses. Those should provide a lower bound of the expected exergy payback over the lifetime of the systems to be compared with thermoeconomic or environomic optima. It is still a huge challenge ahead to provide practical tools to do it.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Circular economy's (CE) noble aims maximize resource efficiency (RE) by, for example, extending product life cycles and using wastes as resources. Modern society's vast and increasing amounts of ...waste and consumer goods, their complexity, and functional material combinations are challenging the viability of the CE despite various alternative business models promising otherwise. The metallurgical processing of CE-enabling technologies requires a sophisticated and agile metallurgical infrastructure. The challenges of reaching a CE are highlighted in terms of, e.g., thermodynamics, transfer processes, technology platforms, digitalization of the processes of the CE stakeholders, and design for recycling (DfR) based on a product (mineral)-centric approach, highlighting the limitations of material-centric considerations. Integrating product-centric considerations into the water, energy, transport, heavy industry, and other smart grid systems will maximize the RE of future smart sustainable cities, providing the fundamental detail for realizing and innovating the United Nation's Sustainability Development Goals.
An analysis of the sectorial structure of energy consumption shows that residential and tertiary sector buildings are the third-highest consumers, responsible for 29.5% of a city’s final energy ...consumption. The Building Quality Control Laboratory of the Basque Government aims to promote quality, innovation, and sustainability in buildings. To accomplish this goal, it has constructed an experimental facility with different energy generation technologies and a very versatile control system for testing different energy systems and operation modes. In this study, we tested a facility for supplying domestic hot water and heating for a multi-family house by means of a condensing boiler and an aerothermal heat pump (together with the corresponding control). This installation could reproduce the thermal demands required to be satisfied by the generation equipment through a programmed operation of the installation based on real demands. Additionally, this installation was analyzed using thermoeconomics (TE) to solve problems unable to be solved using traditional energy analyses based on the First Law of Thermodynamics. These problems include: (1) Determining the costs of the products of the installation based on physical criteria, (2) detecting the places where losses actually occur, evaluating their costs, and proposing cost-effective improvements, and (3) diagnosing issues in the installation. As a result, this paper suggests a solution to the preventive maintenance problems confronting the technical maintenance personnel for thermal installations in buildings by applying TE knowledge and using real data collected from sensors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Thermoeconomics combines the concepts of economics and thermodynamics to assess the cost formation process of thermal systems. It has great applicability in the allocation, optimization and diagnosis ...of product costs. However, some aspects need to be gathered and solved, to have common criteria for its implementation. That is precisely what happens with dissipative components, which are part of cooling systems being so that different criteria are given to evaluate their impact in the cost distribution. In this paper, the state of art regarding the application of thermoeconomics in simple cooling systems is briefly evaluated, by giving the main characteristic of each approach, resolving that there is no a common criterion on the subject of the treatment of dissipative equipment and, therefore, neither on the costs accounting. Therefore, this work compiles and compares the different thermoeconomics methodologies. Consequently, it aims to serve as a tool for the appropriate selection of the thermoeconomics methodology for the analysis of real cooling systems.
Every year, millions of tons of tire become unusable around the world and waste tire dumps threaten human health and the environment. Therefore, recycling of waste tires has attracted attention ...recently. In this study, energy, exergy, economic and sustainability analyses of a compression ignition diesel engine fueled with tire pyrolytic oil-diesel blends were performed and the results were compared with that of neat diesel. Tire pyrolytic oil was produced from waste tires with vacuum pyrolysis technique. Hydro-sulfuric acid treatment, vacuum distillation and oxidative desulfurization processes were applied to reduce emission values of tire pyrolytic oil. Tire pyrolytic oil was blended with neat diesel as 10 vol% (TPO10D90), 30 vol% (TPO30D70) and 50 vol% (TPO50D50). The test engine was single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, compression ignition diesel engine and the experiments were conducted for different test engine loads of 3 Nm, 6 Nm, 9 Nm and 12 Nm at constant crankshaft speed of 2000 rpm. The highest energy and exergy efficiencies were obtained for TPO10D90, while the lowest ones were obtained for neat diesel. At 12 Nm, the energy efficiency of test engine was obtained to be 26.89% for neat diesel and 28.15% for TPO10D90, while the exergy efficiency of test engine was found to be 25.19% for neat diesel and 26.36% for TPO10D90. The energy loss per capital investment cost was obtained to be 0.87×10−4 kW/$ for TPO10D90 and 1.03×10−4 kW/$ for neat diesel at 3Nm. At 12 Nm, the highest sustainability index was determined to be 1.358 for TPO10D90, while the lowest sustainability index was 1.337 for neat diesel. Results showed that TPO10D90 had better performance at each test engine load in terms of energy, exergy, economic and sustainability and the increase in tire pyrolytic oil content of blend made the results worse but better than neat diesel. As a conclusion, it can be said that tire pyrolytic oil production from waste tires is important fact from the viewpoint of both waste management and protection of fossil fuel resources depletion.
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•The presence of waste tire pyrolysis oil in test fuels improved the performance.•The highest efficiency both in energy and exergy was observed in %10 pyrolysis oil.•Energy and exergy efficiencies decreased in fuels having higher tire pyrolysis oil.•The fuels having tire pyrolytic oil were more sustainable compared to neat diesel.•Evaluation of the wastes by burning ensured a promising solution to waste management.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Phase change material (PCM) based latent heat thermal storage (LHTS) systems provide an attractive solution to bridge the gap between energy source and demand, if source is intermittent and time ...dependent. The optimization of LHTS systems is not necessarily on the basis of performance study through energy analysis, but on the basis of exergy based performance study. The exergy based performance evaluation and subsequent optimization of LHTS units have been a growing interest among the researchers in recent years. This can be seen through the various works reported in the literature. This paper reviews the various procedures adopted for the exergy based performance evaluation of LHTS units. The influence of operating and design parameters on the exergy stored/retrieved and thus, on the optimization is addressed as a main aspect. The need of exergy analysis for the comparative evaluation of LHTS systems with performance enhancement techniques is emphasized. Thermoeconomics methods applicable to LHTS systems are also presented in this paper.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Exergoeconomic analysis is reported for a new combined SCRB/ORC (supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton/organic Rankine cycle) in which the waste heat from SCRBC (supercritical CO2 recompression ...Brayton cycle) is utilized by an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for generating electricity. The analysis is also performed for the SCRBC for comparison purposes. Considering eight different working fluids for the ORC, thermodynamic and exergoeconomic models are developed for the cycles through applying mass and energy conservations, exergy balance and exergy cost equations to systems' components. Influences on the SCRB/ORC and SCRBC performances are investigated of the pinch point temperature difference in pre-cooler1 and in condenser, the compressor pressure ratio and the ORC turbine inlet temperature. Using the EES (Engineering Equation Solver) software, the SCRB/ORC performance is optimized thermodynamically and economically. It is concluded that the exergy efficiency of SCRB/ORC is higher than that of the SCRBC by up to 11.7% and that, the total product unit cost of SCRB/ORC is lower than that of the SCRBC by up to 5.7%. The results also indicate that the highest exergy efficiency and the lowest product unit cost for the SCRB/ORC are obtained when Isobutane and RC318 are considered as the ORC working fluid, respectively.
•A combined S-CO2 recompression Brayton/ORC is proposed and analyzed.•Thermoeconomic analysis is applied.•The exergy efficiency of supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton cycle is enhanced.•Several ORC working fluids are examined.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In recent decades, innovations in desalinating water and cooling have led to improving the living standards and well-being. The significance of these technologies provides a path for synergistic ...integration. In the present study, a novel combined ejector cooling with a humidification-dehumidification desalination system for cogeneration of a considerable amount of cooling and water was thoroughly studied in two configurations: solar-driven (system A) and waste heat-driven configurations (system B). The mathematical models were based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and exergoeconomic relations to predict the performance and economic feasibility of the proposed systems. The studies were conducted under variation of the generator, condenser, and evaporator temperatures, and solar irradiance intensities. Many parameters were studied, including freshwater production, cooling capacity, COP, GOR, exergy destruction, and product costs. The freshwater and cooling costs for system A were 24.61 US$/m3 and 0.01544 US$/kWh, whereas, for system B, they were 3.84 US$/m3 and 0.001677 US$/kWh. However, the cost of the above products from system B can be as low as 2.39 US$/m3 and 0.001670 US$/kWh, respectively. It was concluded that the 24-hour operation and replacement of solar collectors with free waste heat recovery resulted in drastically reducing the cost of the products.
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•A novel integration of ejector cooling and HDH desalination system is presented.•Sensible heat in the ejector outlet is recovered by the heater of the HDH system.•The system can be solar-driven (system A) or waste heat-driven (system B).•Freshwater and cooling capacity at baseline conditions are 13.72 kg/h and 8.19 kW.•Cost of freshwater and cooling from system B can be as low as 2.39 $/m3 and 0.00167 $/kWh.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Exergoeconomics is also called thermoeconomics, and thermoeconomic analysis methodologies combine economic and thermodynamic analysis by applying the cost concept to exergy which accounts for the ...quality of energy. The main concept of thermoeconomics is the exergetic cost and it deals with cost accounting methods. This paper is a review on the exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of combined heat and power production (CHPP). A brief historical overview on the exergoeconomics analysis and optimization is given. The concept of exergetic cost and cost accounting methods are discussed. An application of relevant formulation is given using a diesel engine powered cogeneration system as an example. Main thermoeconomic methodologies available in literature are described and their advantages and disadvantages with respect to one another are compared and discussed through a well-known problem, namely CGAM. Important studies on thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of combined heat and power production are listed based on the methodology used and the type of system considered.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
‘Thermoeconomics’ was introduced and its foundations were laid down by Tribus, Evans and El-Sayed in the late 1950's – early 1960's as a method that combines Thermodynamics (in particular Second-Law ...quantities) and Economics for the analysis, evaluation and optimization of thermal systems. Since that time, many researchers throughout the world taking various roads helped in developing Thermoeconomics from theoretical point of view and applying it in a variety of systems, thus establishing it as a particular field.
Today, questions such as the following may be posed:
⁃Is there room for further theoretical development of Thermoeconomics?
⁃Are there areas where Thermoeconomics has not been applied yet, however its application would be beneficial?
⁃What additional features should Thermoeconomics have, in order to be applied to these areas?
⁃Is it possible to introduce other considerations, in addition to thermodynamic and economic, in a more holistic approach? If yes, which are they?
The progress to date is presented in brief by mentioning the main methodologies and application areas. Thermoeconomic methods at an early stage of development are mentioned and needs of further development are indicated. Further considerations and application areas of thermoeconomics are mentioned and needs of methodological development are highlighted. The text closes with remarks regarding the aforementioned four questions.
•Progress to date of thermoeconomics.•Emerging and new areas of thermoeconomics.•New directions for applications in thermoeconomics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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