Zhongyong thinking is a common approach adopted by Chinese people to solve problems encountered in life and work. Based on the four modes of zhongyong thinking proposed by Pang (Social Sciences in ...China, 1, 1980, 75), this study chooses the “neither A nor B” form, which represents the “mean” (中) characteristics of zhongyong thinking, called eclectic thinking, and the “both A and B” form, which reflects the “harmony” (和) feature, called integrated thinking. This study primed eclectic thinking and integrated thinking, respectively, through self‐compiled problem situations, and 150 college students and postgraduates students were the participants. Experiment 1 explored the role of the priming of zhongyong thinking in three classic creative thinking tasks: a divergent thinking test, remote association test, and insight problem‐solving test. Experiment 2 further examined the effect of priming of zhongyong thinking on “market investment problems” with higher ecological validity. The findings show that priming integrated thinking can improve remote associates test performance and promote creative solutions to market investment problems, but there is no significant impact on the scores of divergent thinking test and insight problem‐solving; priming eclectic thinking has no significant impact on any of the subsequent creative tasks. This study shows that integrated thinking primes cognitive processing related to information association and information integration, promoting subsequent creative tasks.
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A fast-food chain once tried to compete with McDonald's
quarter-pounder by introducing a third-pound hamburger-only for it
to flop when consumers thought a third pound was less than a
quarter pound ...because three is less than four. Separately, a rash
of suicides by teenagers who played Dungeons and Dragons caused a
panic in parents and the media. They thought D&D was causing
teenage suicides-when in fact teenage D&D players died by
suicide at a much lower rate than the national average. Errors of
this type can be found from antiquity to the present, from the
Peloponnesian War to the COVID-19 pandemic. How and why do we keep
falling into these traps? James C. Zimring argues that many of the
mistakes that the human mind consistently makes boil down to
misperceiving fractions. We see slews of statistics that are
essentially fractions, such as percentages, probabilities,
frequencies, and rates, and we tend to misinterpret them. Sometimes
bad actors manipulate us by cherry-picking data or distorting how
information is presented; other times, sloppy communicators
inadvertently mislead us. In many cases, we fool ourselves and have
only our own minds to blame. Zimring also explores the
counterintuitive reason that these flaws might benefit us,
demonstrating that individual error can be highly advantageous to
problem solving by groups. Blending key scientific research in
cognitive psychology with accessible real-life examples,
Partial Truths helps readers spot the fallacies lurking in
everyday information, from politics to the criminal justice system,
from religion to science, from business strategies to New Age
culture.
Critics of intelligence tests-writers such as Robert Sternberg, Howard Gardner, and Daniel Goleman-have argued in recent years that these tests neglect important qualities such as emotion, empathy, ...and interpersonal skills. However, such critiques imply that though intelligence tests may miss certain key noncognitive areas, they encompass most of what is important in the cognitive domain. In this book, Keith E. Stanovich challenges this widely held assumption.
Stanovich shows that IQ tests (or their proxies, such as the SAT) are radically incomplete as measures of cognitive functioning. They fail to assess traits that most people associate with "good thinking," skills such as judgment and decision making. Such cognitive skills are crucial to real-world behavior, affecting the way we plan, evaluate critical evidence, judge risks and probabilities, and make effective decisions. IQ tests fail to assess these skills of rational thought, even though they are measurable cognitive processes. Rational thought is just as important as intelligence, Stanovich argues, and it should be valued as highly as the abilities currently measured on intelligence tests.
In this article, the authors argue that there are a range of effects usually studied within cognitive psychology that are legitimately thought of as aspects of critical thinking: the cognitive biases ...studied in the heuristics and biases literature. In a study of 793 student participants, the authors found that the ability to avoid these biases was moderately correlated with a more traditional laboratory measure of critical thinking-the ability to reason logically when logic conflicts with prior belief. The correlation between these two classes of critical thinking skills was not due to a joint connection with general cognitive ability because it remained statistically significant after the variance due to cognitive ability was partialed out. Measures of thinking dispositions (actively open-minded thinking and need for cognition) predicted unique variance in both classes of critical thinking skills after general cognitive ability had been controlled.
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Four experiments demonstrate that walking boosts creative ideation in real time and shortly after. In Experiment 1, while seated and then when walking on a treadmill, adults completed Guilford's ...alternate uses (GAU) test of creative divergent thinking and the compound remote associates (CRA) test of convergent thinking. Walking increased 81% of participants' creativity on the GAU, but only increased 23% of participants' scores for the CRA. In Experiment 2, participants completed the GAU when seated and then walking, when walking and then seated, or when seated twice. Again, walking led to higher GAU scores. Moreover, when seated after walking, participants exhibited a residual creative boost. Experiment 3 generalized the prior effects to outdoor walking. Experiment 4 tested the effect of walking on creative analogy generation. Participants sat inside, walked on a treadmill inside, walked outside, or were rolled outside in a wheelchair. Walking outside produced the most novel and highest quality analogies. The effects of outdoor stimulation and walking were separable. Walking opens up the free flow of ideas, and it is a simple and robust solution to the goals of increasing creativity and increasing physical activity.
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This research aims to determine the relationship between computational thinking ability and mathematical critical thinking ability of seventh-grade students at SMPN 49 Jakarta. Computational thinking ...ability is skills or processes in solving problems effectively, while mathematical critical thinking ability is a process of analyzing problems to make an accurate decision. This research used correlation research with research subjects consisting of 14 female students and 16 male students. The instrument in this study is a test in the form of a description, which is measured using indicators. This study used decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm thinking as indicators of computational thinking ability. This study uses elementary clarification, essential support, inference, advanced clarification, strategy, and tactics as indicators of mathematical critical thinking. The outcome of this research showed a positive correlation between computational thinking ability and students’ mathematical critical thinking ability. The relationship analysis shows a simultaneous and significant relationship between computational thinking and essential mathematical thinking abilities. The correlation test results using Pearson Product Moment obtained a result of 0.897 with a coefficient of determination of 80.5%. The magnitude of the correlation indicates that the two abilities have a solid relationship. If computational thinking ability is high, then mathematical critical thinking ability is also high, and if computational thinking ability is low, then mathematical critical thinking ability is also low.
This open access book provides the first explicit case study for an application of the method of reflective equilibrium (RE), using it to develop and defend a precautionary principle. It thereby ...makes an important and original contribution to questions of philosophical method and methodology. The book shows step-by-step how RE is applied, and develops a methodological framework which will be useful for everyone who wishes to use reflective equilibrium. With respect to precautionary principles, the book demonstrates how a rights-based precautionary principle can be constructed and defended. The case study succeeds in demonstrating that RE can be successfully applied and puts real constraints on the justification process. This is all the more remarkable as the case study was designed as an open-ended process, without presupposing any specific results. This book will be highly relevant both to people interested in philosophical methodology and epistemology, as well as to researchers who are interested in using philosophical methods and tools and applying them to practical problems.
Ti piacerebbe essere in grado di pensare criticamente e lucidamente? Da molto tempo le tecniche di pensiero critico sono state usate dalle persone per prendere decisioni migliori in tutti gli aspetti ...della vita. Usare tecniche di pensiero critico ti aiuterà anche a gestire il tuo budget, a guadagnare denaro, a vivere bene, a mangiare in modo salutare, a prendere le migliori decisioni possibili, ad aumentare la tua energia, concentrazione, felicità generale, e molto di più!Sentiti più positivo e raggiungi un'elevata qualità di vita padroneggiando quest'abilità essenziale. Verrai introdotto ai segreti che i professionisti del pensiero critico usano per diventare più efficace che mai! Con decadi di strategie testate questo ebook ti mostrerà il modo più veloce ed efficace per usare il pensiero critico a tuo beneficio! Questa guida ti insegnerà tecniche comprovate senza far uso di strumenti supplementari costosi o di corsi. Cosa è incluso: \- Prendere decisioni migliori- Avere relazioni più salubri- Guadagnare di più- Avere più energia- Mangiare in modo migliore- Ridurre ed eliminare l'ansia- Dormire meglio- Superare i problemi della vita, gli ostacoli con facilità- Cosa devi sapere e molto di più! Se vuoi essere più in salute o migliorare la concentrazione e sentirti meglio allora questa guida è per te.--> Vai in cima alla pagina, aggiungi il libro al carrello e compralo <\-- Liberatoria: L'autore e/o il detentore(i) del copyright non si assumono responsabilità, non promettono o garantiscono circa l'accuratezza, la completezza o l'adeguatezza dei contenuti di questo libro, ed espressamente declinano ogni responsabilità per errori e omissioni nel suo contenuto. Questo prodotto deve essere usato solo come riferimento. Sei invitato a consultare un professionista prima di prendere decisioni riguardanti gli argomenti trattati nel libro.
The “end of history” illusion in adults (Quoidbach et al., 2013) is an asymmetrical pattern in which people accept that they've changed in the past but don't believe they will change in the future. ...We explore here whether the same psychological forces that cause the illusion in adults exist in the minds of children. Two studies with 4- to 11-year-olds (N = 256) suggest that they do, even in a within-subject design where the same child is asked questions about the past and the future. A third study (N = 83) finds that this illusion does not persist when children are asked about other people. These studies suggest that even young children believe that although they used to be different in the past, from this point on, they will remain forever young.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Introduction
Taking microdoses (a mere fraction of normal doses) of psychedelic substances, such as truffles, recently gained popularity, as it allegedly has multiple beneficial effects including ...creativity and problem-solving performance, potentially through targeting serotonergic 5-HT
2A
receptors and promoting cognitive flexibility, crucial to creative thinking. Nevertheless, enhancing effects of microdosing remain anecdotal, and in the absence of quantitative research on microdosing psychedelics, it is impossible to draw definitive conclusions on that matter. Here, our main aim was to quantitatively explore the cognitive-enhancing potential of microdosing psychedelics in healthy adults.
Methods
During a microdosing event organized by the Dutch Psychedelic Society, we examined the effects of psychedelic truffles (which were later analyzed to quantify active psychedelic alkaloids) on two creativity-related problem-solving tasks: the Picture Concept Task assessing convergent thinking and the Alternative Uses Task assessing divergent thinking. A short version of the Ravens Progressive Matrices task assessed potential changes in fluid intelligence. We tested once before taking a microdose and once while the effects were expected to be manifested.
Results
We found that both convergent and divergent thinking performance was improved after a non-blinded microdose, whereas fluid intelligence was unaffected.
Conclusion
While this study provides quantitative support for the cognitive-enhancing properties of microdosing psychedelics, future research has to confirm these preliminary findings in more rigorous placebo-controlled study designs. Based on these preliminary results, we speculate that psychedelics might affect cognitive metacontrol policies by optimizing the balance between cognitive persistence and flexibility. We hope this study will motivate future microdosing studies with more controlled designs to test this hypothesis.
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