Postupak prodaje drvne sirovine putem javnih nadmetanja uvriježen je postupak i svakodnevan proces u zapadnim zemljama Europe, dok u Republici Hrvatskoj dobiva sve veći značaj posljednjeg desetljeća. ...Iako se glavnina drvnih sortimenata koje proizvodu Hrvatske šume d.o.o. prodaje prerađivačkoj industriji prema unaprijed definiranim kvotama i cijenama kroz okvirne višegodišnje ugovore, samo se manji dio drva nudi, posebno onog izuzetne vrijednosti, putem javnih nadmetanja. U sklopu istraživanja analizirana su javna nadmetanja u Hrvatskoj održana 2022. godine po vrstama drveća i sortimentnim klasama u odnosu na početne i prodajne cijene (€/m3) te postotak ostvaren iznad početne cijene. Nadalje, uspoređene su ostvarene prodajne cijene (€/m3) u Hrvatskoj 2022. prema vrsti drva s cijenama koje su postignute na jednom javnom nadmetanju najvrjednijih trupaca u Sloveniji iste godine. Kroz rezultate istraživanja analizirano je 45 javnih nadmetanja koja su realizirana tokom 2022. godine u Republici Hrvatskoj, te jednog javnog nadmetanja prodaje najvrjednijih trupaca iz privatnih šuma u Sloveniji 2022. godine. Rezultati analize javnih nadmetanja u Hrvatskoj pokazuju da se veći prosječni postotak iznad početne cijene ostvaruje ako su drvni sortimenti razlučnije razvrstani (klasirani) unutar ponuđenih prodajnih grupa. U analiziranom razdoblju za hrast lužnjak ponuditelji su za određene grupe 12 puta dali ponudu koja je iznosila više od 2 000,00 €/m3. Dodatno, pokazalo se da za ostvarenje što veće prodajne cijene kod hrasta lužnjaka treba izbjegavati formiranje grupa koje sadrže kombinaciju furnirskih i pilanskih sortimenata (F-III). Osim hrasta lužnjaka, rekordne cijene postizao je i gorski javor koji je imao i četiri rekordne realizirane kupnje u rasponu od 2 752,92 €/m3 do 4 692,00 €/m3. Usporedno, u Sloveniji je utvrđeno da su prosječne prodajne cijene (€/m3) značajno veće za crnogorične drvenaste vrste u odnosu na ostvarene prodajne cijena na javnim nadmetanjima u Hrvatskoj. Analizom ostvarenih prodajnih cijena drvnih sortimenata na javnim nadmetanjima u Hrvatskoj 2022. godine u odnosu na početne cijene utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika što ukazuje na buduću potrebu formiranja cijena svih proizvedenih sortimentnih klasa u korak s tržišnim prilikama.
The process of selling wood raw materials (timber assortments) through public tenders is an established procedure and a daily process in the Western countries of Europe, while in the Republic of Croatia it has been gaining more and more importance over the last decade. Although most of the timber assortments produced by Hrvatske šume Ltd. is sold to the processing industry according to predefined quotas through multi-year framework contracts, only a small part of timber is offered, especially that of exceptional value, through public tenders. As part of the research, public tenders held in Croatia in 2022 were analyzed by tree species and assortment classes in relation to the initial and selling price (€/m3) and the percentage achieved above the initial price. Furthermore, the achieved selling price (€/m3) in Croatia in 2022 was compared with the prices achieved at the public tenders of the most valuable logs in Slovenia for the same year. The second chapter presents the procedure for conducting public tenders for the sale of wood assortments in Croatia, which is defined by the Decree on the Auction of Certain Wood Assortments (Official Gazette No. 100/15). The method of analysis, synthesis, compilation, comparison and description was used in the processing and analysis of the research results. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis with appropriate parametric and/or non-parametric models were used in data processing. Through the results of the research, 45 public tenders held in Croatia, and one public tender for the sale of the most valuable logs from private forests in Slovenia in 2022, were analyzed. Table 1 shows descriptive values of public tenders of timber assortments held during 2022 in Croatia. The testing of strength and direction of the connection between the basic indicators of the implementation of the public tender and the grouped realization of the percentage above the initial price for the pedunculate oak is shown in table two. Table 4 shows descriptive values of the achieved percentage above the initial price according to the class of wood assortments at the public tender during 2022. Presentation of realized quantities and prices at public tenders in 2022 for two most common types of broad leaves is visible in table 5 and for the two most common types of conifers in table 6. The results of public tender for the sale of timber assortments in Slovenia are presented in subsection 4.2. Table 7 shows the results of the sale of logs by species at the public tender in Slovenia in 2022. The results of the analysis of public tenders in Croatia show that a higher average percentage above the initial price is achieved if the timber assortments are more differentiated (better classified) within the offered sales groups. In the analyzed period, for the pedunculate oak, bidders made an offer 12 times for certain groups that amounted to more than 2 000 €/m3. In addition, it has been shown that to achieve the highest possible sales price for the pedunculate oak, the formation of groups containing a combination of veneer and sawmill assortments (F-III) should be avoided. In addition to pedunculate oak, record selling prices were also achieved by sycamore maple, which had four record offers ranging from 2 752.92 €/m3 to 4 692.00 €/m3. Comparatively, in Slovenia, it was determined that the average sales prices of logs (€/m3) are significantly higher for coniferous timber species compared to the realized sales prices at public tenders in Croatia. The analysis of realized sale prices of timber assortments at public tenders in Croatia in 2022 compared to initial prices revealed a statistically significant difference, which indicates the future need to form prices of all produced assortment classes in step with market opportunities.
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the price development of timber assortments in selected countries in Central Europe, to compare the prices and identify the factors influencing the prices, and to ...quantify the extent of their impact on the prices. A further aim is to predict the price development based on comparing various models for predicting time series of prices. The analyses of the price development was carried out for the assortments of spruce, fir, and beech sawlogs in Slovakia, Czech Republic, and selected Austrian provinces. The analyzed period covered the years from 2001 to 2017 per individual months. Following the selected factors, the study was focused on the timber price development, and subsequently the prediction up to the end of 2019 was calculated. The most significant factor having a negative impact on the price development was the global economic crisis. Following all the prediction methods, the next two years can expect an increase in the prices of sawlogs, except the beech sawlogs in Austria. Analysis of the price developments in the selected countries confirmed that all global factors reflected the price level trends approximately equally in all countries.
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Factor analysis of 35 factors in 162 experiments was conducted for carting out timber from the forest to a forest products mill using the method of identifying stable patterns. The sampling power of ...the total correlation matrix was 35
2
= 1225 values of the correlation index for the identified stable patterns. According to the identified patterns of rank-size distributions and binary relations, the number of pre-selected factors decreased from 35 to 24 in summer (68.57%) and to 25 in winter (71.43%) using the proposed method of factor analysis. Basically, factors with a correlation index of less than 0.3 were excluded. Structural indicators become a system parameter of the set of regularities of binary relations, which decrease with an increase in the "permissible" correlation index. In total there are 1190 pairs of binary relations. According to the research results, among the influencing variables, the factor "type of snow and ice cover" was in first place, "number of the month in the year" was in second place, and "time of operation of the logging truck" was in third place. Among the dependent indicators in comparison with the general correlation matrix and the matrix of strong connections, the first and second places were: "the height of the snow cover (off the road)"; the given eastern longitude. The factor "the wheel formula of the logging truck" was in third place.
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Detailed information about timber assortments and diameter distributions is required in forest management. Forest owners can make better decisions concerning the timing of timber sales and forest ...companies can utilize more detailed information to optimize their wood supply chain from forest to factory. The objective here was to compare the accuracies of high-density laser scanning techniques for the estimation of tree-level diameter distribution and timber assortments. We also introduce a method that utilizes a combination of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning in timber assortment estimation. The study was conducted in Evo, Finland. Harvester measurements were used as a reference for 144 trees within a single clear-cut stand. The results showed that accurate tree-level timber assortments and diameter distributions can be obtained, using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or a combination of TLS and airborne laser scanning (ALS). Saw log volumes were estimated with higher accuracy than pulpwood volumes. The saw log volumes were estimated with relative root-mean-squared errors of 17.5% and 16.8% with TLS and a combination of TLS and ALS, respectively. The respective accuracies for pulpwood were 60.1% and 59.3%. The differences in the bucking method used also caused some large errors. In addition, tree quality factors highly affected the bucking accuracy, especially with pulpwood volume.
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ABSTRACT Considering the hypothesis that the wood volumes present spatial dependence, whose knowledge contributes for the precision forestry, the aim of this work was to estimate the volume spatial ...variability for timber assortments and identify their spatial patterns on Tectona grandis stands. A dataset of 1,038 trees was used to fit taper models and estimate the total stem, sawlog, and firewood volumes in 273 plots allocated on T. grandis stands at eight years old, which represents the second thinning that enables commercial volumes. Semivariograms models was applied to fit the spatial dependence, and punctual kriging was used to compose volume maps. Geostatistical modeling allowed us to estimate the T. grandis spatial variability and develop timber volume maps. Thus, silvicultural treatments, such as thinning and pruning, as well as for planning spatial interventions, are possible to be recommended for aimed wood products.
RESUMO Considerando a hipótese de que os volumes de madeira apresentam dependência espacial, cujo conhecimento contribui para o manejo de precisão, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a variabilidade espacial do volume de sortimentos de madeira e identificar seus padrões espaciais em povoamentos de Tectona grandis. Utilizou-se um conjunto de dados de 1.038 árvores para ajustar funções de afilamento e estimar os volumes para fuste total, serraria e lenha em 273 parcelas alocadas em povoamentos de T. grandis ao oitavo ano de idade, o qual representa o segundo desbaste que possibilita volumes comerciais. Modelos de semivariogramas foram aplicados para ajustar a dependência espacial e a krigagem pontual foi utilizada para compor mapas de volume. A modelagem geoestatística permitiu estimar a variabilidade espacial de T. grandis e desenvolver mapas de volume de madeira. Assim, tratamentos silviculturais, como desbaste e poda, bem como planejamento de intervenções espaciais, podem ser recomendados para produtos de madeira almejados.
Key message
The potential of European National Forest Inventories to harmonise stem quality estimation in European forests was identified despite considerable differences in existing national ...approaches.
Context
Knowledge on stem quality and assortments structure in European forests is highly important for policy makers and the timber industry and also for carbon life cycle analysis due to the fact that different timber products have different end use and thus store carbon for different time periods.
Aims
The study aim was to evaluate the potential of European National Forest Inventories (NFI) to objectively report on the stem quality in European forests in a harmonised manner.
Methods
A comprehensive questionnaire was conducted as the first important step to evaluate the current status of stem quality assessment and assess the existing level of harmonisation.
Results
Direct stem quality assessment or classification is used in 19 out of 28 European NFIs. Only eight countries provide timber assortment estimates from their NFIs. In addition, different sampling strategies for stem quality assessment are used among NFIs. Tree parameters relevant for stem quality assessment on standing trees were identified for the purpose of harmonisation. Several methods towards harmonisation between European NFIs for the purpose of reporting on stem quality of European forests were suggested.
Conclusion
Current European NFIs are not capable of reporting the stem quality of European forests in a harmonised manner at this stage and considerable efforts will need to be taken before the harmonised stem quality estimation can be prepared. However, the inquiry also revealed that there is a potential to develop the harmonised estimations in future.
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The planning of wood procurement requires reliable information about the species-specific timber assortments on which the economic value of a production forest depends. The timber assortments refer ...to the stem volumes of the sawlog and pulpwood fractions, specified in terms of both timber quality and allowable log dimensions, e.g., the stem diameter at breast height (dbh). We propose here an airborne laser scanning based calibration framework for generating species-specific dbh distributions that combines the area-based approach (ABA) and individual-tree detection (ITD), two established and independent approaches for retrieving forest attributes from airborne laser scanning data. Both ABA- and ITD-derived dbh distributions were generated nonparametrically for pine, spruce, coniferous, deciduous, and all species and assessed with respect to the plot-level species-specific total stem volume (m³·haâ¹) and approximations of volume of timber assortments. Although after calibration, the total volume of all species and the volume approximations of coniferous sawlog and spruce pulpwood decreased in accuracy by 4%â7%, the calibration improved the accuracy of the other 12 species-specific estimates by 2%â17%, testifying to the general effectiveness of the proposed calibration framework.
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In the fall of 2018, the “Vaia” windstorm grounded around 8.5 million m3 of timber in northeastern Italy. Soon after, the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) Italy activated ...a project called “fair supply chain” to promote the purchase of timber from the damaged areas at a reasonable price. The initiative was addressed at forest owners, forest and processing enterprises, retailers, and supporting organizations. This study reports the results of a survey performed to assess the effectiveness of the project two years after its launch. The survey, in the form of a questionnaire submitted to all adhering organizations, investigated different aspects such as motivations for adherence to the project, satisfaction with the project, sale of the labeled material, and promotion of the specific label. The results provide a detailed outline of the above aspects. Through the various findings, the project is perceived as effective in supporting the region, enhancing an organizations’ image, and limiting price fall. Yet, further efforts should be aimed at increasing networking and business opportunities. Some recommendations are also offered for similar projects in the future, as forest disturbances are increasing worldwide in frequency and intensity due to climate change.
Funções de afilamento permitem determinar classes de dimensão e volumes das árvores com aplicação direta no planejamento das atividades técnicas e econômicas da floresta. Com esse propósito, os ...objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever o afilamento do fuste de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze na porção compreendida entre o nível do solo e a inserção da copa de árvores de remanescente florestal nativo, bem como ajustar modelo de regressão para a relação altura/DAP, para o diâmetro na inserção da copa sobre o DAP e demonstrar a aplicação das funções com a confecção de uma tabela de sortimentos de madeira. Oitenta e cinco árvores tiveram medidas seus diâmetros e alturas relativas pelo método de cubagem rigorosa de Hohenadl, assim como o diâmetro na inserção da copa com o Criterion RD 1000. Os modelos de afilamento ajustados por regressão foram o polinômio do 5º grau, Kozak (1988), Lee et al. (2003) e Sharma e Zhang (2004). O coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj), o erro padrão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx%) e a análise gráfica entre valores estimados e observados foram as estatísticas usadas para avaliar o ajuste e a precisão dos modelos. O modelo da relação altura/DAP e do diâmetro no ponto de inserção da copa alcançaram boas estatísticas de ajuste e precisão, permitindo sua aplicação em inventários florestais e no planejamento da produção florestal. A flexibilidade e a eficiência do modelo de Kozak (1988) em predizer diâmetros e volumes até o ponto de inserção da copa favorecem o uso e obtenção de sortimentos de madeira de araucária.
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