Sterigmatocistin je mikotoksin kojeg sintetiziraju uglavnom plijesni iz roda Aspergillus te u manjoj mjeri iz rodova Emericella, Chaetomium, Humicola i Botryotrichum. Ovaj mikotoksin je prekursor u ...biosintezi aflatoksina, njemu slične kemijske strukture, pa su tako i toksični učinci sterigmatocistina slični onima aflatoksina B1. Sterigmatocistin pokazuje brojne toksične učinke u organizmu, uključujući karcinogeno i mutageno djelovanje, te je i Međunarodna agencija za istraživanje raka (engl. International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) sterigmatocistin uključila u skupinu 2B potencijalnih karcinogena za ljude. Podaci o prisutnosti sterigmatocistina u hrani i hrani za životinje su ograničeni, te je od strane Europske agencije za sigurnost hrane (eng. European Food Safety Authority, EFSA), s ciljem procjene rizika izloženosti ljudi ovom mikotoksinu, dana preporuka za prikupljanje podataka o njegovoj pojavnosti uz primjenu visokoosjetljivih analitičkih metoda. Sterigmatocistin je do sada pronađen u hrani za životinje, žitaricama, kruhu, orašastim plodovima, zrnima kave, začinima, pivu te siru. Kako bi se spriječila kontaminacija
namirnica te negativni učinci sterigmatocistina na zdravlje ljudi i životinja, jedan od ključnih čimbenika predstavlja prevencija rasta toksikotvornih plijesni.
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Recent years have seen much attention being given to self-assembly of dipeptide-based structures, especially to self-regulation of dipeptide structures with different amino acid sequences. In this ...study we investigated the effects of varying solvent environments on the self-assembly of glycine-histidine (Gly-His) dipeptide structures. First we determined the morphological properties of Gly-His films formed in different solvent environments with scanning electron microscopy and then structural properties with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, we studied the effects of Gly-His films on silver nanoparticle (AgNP) formation and the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of AgNPs obtained in this way. We also, assessed antibacterial activities of Gly-His films against Gram-negative
and
and Gram-positive
. Silver nanoparticle-decorated Gly-His films were not significantly cytotoxic at concentrations below 2 mg/mL but had antibacterial activity. We therefore believe that AgNP-decorated Gly-His films at concentrations below 2 mg/mL can be used safely against bacteria.
Za odkrivanje ostankov materialnih sledi se na dobro ohranjenih predmetih lahko opravijo forenzične preiskave. V Breznu v Debliških livadah je bilo odkritih večje število predmetov, ki so bili ...odvrženi v jamo v maju in juniju 1945. Med odkritim materialom so bile tudi vojaške čutare. Nekatere izmed čutar so še vsebovale tekočino, nekatere pa tudi poltrdo, gelasto oborino. Tekočina in oborina iz čutar sta vsebovali kovine, ki so se najverjetneje s časom izlužile iz kovinske posode. Korozija čutar nakazuje prisotnost minerala hematita. Vsebina čutar je nadalje vsebovala nekaj raztopljene organske snovi (celotni organski ogljik – TOC v tekočini 9,22 mg/l, v tekočini ekstrahirane oborine 34,1 mg/l), nekaj mikrobne biomase ter relativno visoke koncentracije nitrata (240 mg/l v tekočini, 55 mg/l v ekstrahirani oborini) in sulfata (18 mg/l v tekočini, 836 mg/l v ekstrahirani oborini). Bakterijskih indikatorjev, Escherichia coli in enterokokov, ki bi kazali na fekalno kontaminacijo vsebine, v vzorcih nismo zaznali. Raztopina in oborina sta izkazovali podobno stopnjo toksičnosti, okrog 20% inhibicijo bioluminiscence bakterije Vibrio fischeri. Glede na Pravilnik o pitni voditekočina s sedanjimi kemijskimi lastnostmi ni primerna za uživanje. Rezultati ne kažejo nujno na toksičnost izvornih tekočin iz časa, ko so bile čutare odvržene v jamo, ampak bi se toksičnost lahko razvila postopoma zaradi izluževanja kovin iz posode, zlastialuminija, in (bio)kemijskih reakcij. Navkljub stabilnim jamskim razmeram, ki so jim bile izpostavljene čutare, ugotovljeni parametri ne podpirajo dolgoročne ohranitve stabilne DNA za morebitne nadaljnje forenzične analize.
Određivanje toksičnosti ksenobiotika u vodi Borojević, Tea; Ašperger, Danijela; Dolar, Davor
Kemija u industriji,
12/2018, Volume:
67, Issue:
13
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Peer reviewed
Open access
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti toksičnost aktivnih supstancija navedenih na popisu praćenja za tvari za koje je potrebno praćenje diljem Unije u području vodne politike u skladu s europskom ...Direktivom 2008/105/EZ. To su makrolidni antibiotici, herbicidi, insekticidi, antioksidansi, nesteroidni antireumatici, estrogenski hormoni i sredstva za zaštitu od sunca. Primijenjena je brza i jednostavna bioanalitička metoda određivanja akutne ekotoksičnosti ksenobiotika u vodi bakterijom Vibrio fischeri. Navedena bakterija osjetljiva je na organska onečišćenja, odnosno dolazi do inhibicije rasta bakterije, što se očituje smanjenjem njezine prirodno urođene luminiscencije. U tim eksperimentima mjerila se inhibicija luminiscencije bakterije dodatkom različitih koncentracija otopina ksenobiotika. Mjerenja su pokazala kako svi ksenobiotici, osim 2-etil-heksil-6-metoksicinamata uzrokuju inhibiciju bakterijske kulture, a najtoksičniji je insekticid metiokarb.
Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna .
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Fikotoksini predstavljaju skupinu prirodnih kemijskih kontaminanata u koje spadaju azaspiracidi (AZA), okadaična kiselina (OA) i njeni derivati, pektenotoksini (PTX), jesotoksini (YTX), ciklički ...imini (CI), domoična kiselina (DA), saksitoksini (STX), brevetoxini (BTX), ciguatoksini (CTX) i palitoksini (PlTX). Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja ukazuju na učestalu pojavnost fikotoksina u morskim organizmima, a poznato je da ove tvari mogu imati štetan učinak na okoliš i zdravlje ljudi, budući da su pored akutne toksičnosti pojedini ujedno i tumor promotori, odnosno da već i u malim koncentracijama pokazuju mutageno i toksično djelovanje u organizmu. Stoga su s ciljem zaštite zdravlja potrošača zakonodavstvom određene najveće dopuštene količine (NDK) fikotoksina u školjkaša, bodljikaša, plaštenjaka i morskih puževa (EZ 853/2004; EU 786/2013), iako neki od njih, poput cikličkih imina, još nisu uključeni u programe monitoringa, odnosno za njih legislativom nije određena NDK. U daljnjim istraživanjima, uz primjenu potvrdnih visokospecifičnih analitičkih metoda u ispitivanjima pojavnosti fikotoksina, potrebno je ispitati njihove učinke na osjetljiviji dio populacije te zbog mogućeg sinergičkog učinka u organizmu ustvrditi i supojavnost, kao i provesti procjenu izloženosti potrošača zbog prisustnosti ovih toksičnih tvari u različitim morskim organizmima namijenjenih konzumaciji. U ovom radu dan je pregled literaturnih spoznaja o svojstvima najznačajnijih predstavnika fikotoksina, njihovim toksičnim učincima u organizmu i pojavnosti u različitim vrstama morskih organizama.
Phycotoxins are natural chemical contaminants that include azaspiracids (AZAs), okadaic acid (OAs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), yessotoxins (YTXs), cyclic imines (CIs), domoic acid (DA), saxitoxins (STXs) brevetoxins (BTXs), ciguatoxins (CTXs) and palytoxins (PlTX). The results of previous research have indicated the frequent occurrence of phycotoxins in marine organisms, and it is known that these substances can have a detrimental effect on both the environment and human health, since in addition to acute toxicity, some are tumour promoters, i.e., they show mutagenic and toxic effects in the body even when present in low concentrations. Therefore, in order to protect consumers, the legislation has set maximum levels (MLs) for phycotoxins in bivalve molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates and marine gastropods (EC 853/2004; EU 786/2013), although some, such as cyclic imines, have not yet been included in monitoring programmes and MLs have not yet been determined by the legislation. In further research, using confirmatory highly specific analytical methods to test for the occurrence of these substances, it is necessary to examine their effects on a more sensitive part of the population due to possible synergistic effects in the body to determine co-occurrence, and to assess consumer exposure due to the presence of these toxic substances intended for consumption. This paper provides an overview of the literature on the properties of the most important representatives of phycotoxins, their toxic effects in the body and their occurrence in different types of marine organisms.
Mikroplastika u morskom okolišu Jadrana Kučić Grgić, Dajana; Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna; Miloloža, Martina ...
Kemija u industriji; časopis kemičara i tehnologa Jugoslavije,
05/2020, Volume:
69, Issue:
5-6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Plastika se zbog svoje široke uporabe može naći u svim dijelovima okoliša, gdje štetno utječe na različite sastavnice okoliša, a toksični spojevi koje adsorbira prenose se kroz hranidbene lance te s ...vremenom dolaze do čovjeka. Odabrana istraživanja u ovom radu usredotočena su na karakterizaciju i kvantifikaciju mikroplastike pronađene u Jadranskom moru kao i na toksičnost mikroplastike. Istraživanja su pokazala da je najviše mikroplastike detektirano u području Sjevernog Jadrana. Provedena ispitivanja ekotoksičnosti mikroplastike primjenom testa s algama ukazuju na to da mikroplastika uzrokuje smanjenje brzine rasta i kretanja algi, obavljanje fotosinteze, fizičke deformacije te dolazi do smanjenja plodnosti i promjena u metaboličkim ciklusima.
The widespread use of plastics has led to the accumulation of plastics in all parts of the environment where it adversely affects the ecosystem. Plastic pollution has the biggest impact on the marine ecosystems which assimilate about 12.7 million tons of plastic yearly. Because of incomplete degradation, plastic in marine environment is accumulated in the form of large clusters and microplastic. Microplastic has a harmful impact on marine organisms due to the accumulation of toxic compounds adsorbed on its particles, which could be passed through the food chain and eventually to humans. Certain researches discussed in this paper are focused on the characterization and quantification of microplastic found in the Adriatic Sea.
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Utjecaj komine masline na okoliš Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna; Škunca, Ana; Miškić, Kristina ...
Kemija u industriji,
03/2020, Volume:
69, Issue:
3-4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Komina masline kao ostatna materija u prehrambenoj industriji ne ubraja se u opasni otpad ili otpad općenito. To je potencijalni problem zbog njezinih određenih komponenata koje negativno utječu na ...ekosustav, a osobito na vodene organizme i biljke. Uslijed neadekvatnog odlaganja, spojevi komine bivaju isprani i procjeđivanjem dospijevaju u tla i podzemne vode gdje uzrokuju onečišćenja. Tema privlači dodatan interes zbog potencijala iskorištavanja komine masline u raznorazne svrhe, te je predmet mnogih znanstvenih istraživanja današnjice.
Olive pomace is a residue substance in the food industry. It is not considered a hazardous waste or even a waste in general. This is potentially problematic because olive pomace contains certain compounds that can have a negative impact on the ecosystem, especially on aquatic organisms and plants. In case of inappropriate disposal, these toxic compounds may be leached into the soil and groundwater. This topic attracts additional interest due to the potential of olive pomace. Nowadays, olive pomace can be used for various purposes, which are a frequent subject of a lot of scientific research.
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Recent research has raised concern about the biocompatibility of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), as they have been reported to induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whilst prolonged ...exposure to high IONP concentrations may lead to cyto-/genotoxicity. Besides, there is concern about its environmental impact. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of IONPs on the antioxidant defence system in freshwater fish Mozambique tilapia (
Peters 1852). The fish were exposed to IONP concentration of 15 mg/L over 1, 3, 4, 15, 30, and 60 days and the findings compared to a control, unexposed group. In addition, we followed up the fish for 60 days after exposure had stopped to estimate the stability of oxidative stress induced by IONPs. Exposure affected the activity of antioxidant and marker enzymes and increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in the gill, liver, and brain tissues of the fish. Even after 60 days of depuration, adverse effects remained, indicating long-term nanotoxicity. Moreover, IONPs accumulated in the gill, liver, and brain tissues. Our findings underscore the potential health risks posed to non-target organisms in the environment, and it is imperative to establish appropriate guidelines for safe handling and disposal of IONPs to protect the aquatic environment.
Clinical treatment with the antineoplastic drug irinotecan (IRI) is often hindered by side effects that significantly reduce the quality of life of treated patients. Due to the growing public support ...for products with Δ
-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), even though relevant scientific literature does not provide clear evidence of their high antitumour potential, some cancer patients take unregistered preparations containing up to 80 % THC. This study was conducted on a syngeneic colorectal cancer mouse model to test the efficiency and safety of concomitant treatment with IRI and THC. Male BALB/c mice subcutaneously injected with CT26 cells were receiving 60 mg/kg of IRI intraperitoneally on day 1 and 5 of treatment and/or 7 mg/kg of THC by gavage a day for 7 days. Treatment responses were evaluated based on changes in body, brain, and liver weight, tumour growth, blood cholinesterase activity, and oxidative stress parameters. Irinotecan’s systemic toxicity was evidenced by weight loss and high oxidative stress. The important finding of this study is that combining THC with IRI diminishes IRI efficiency in inhibiting tumour growth. However, further studies, focused on more subtle molecular methods in tumour tissue and analytical analysis of IRI and THC distribution in tumour-bearing mice, are needed to prove our observations.
Considering that research of adverse effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and monobutyl phthalate (MBP), two key metabolites of the most common phthalates used as plasticisers in various ...daily-life products, has been scattered and limited, the aim of our study was to provide a more comprehensive analysis by focusing on major organ systems, including blood, liver, kidney, and pancreas in 66 male pubertal rats randomised into eleven groups of six. The animals were receiving either metabolite at doses of 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg bw a day by gavage for 28 days. The control group was receiving corn oil. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical, haematological, and immunological analyses. Samples of kidney, liver, and pancreas were dissected for histopathological analyses. Exposure to either compound resulted in increased liver and decreased pancreas weight, especially at the highest doses. Exposed rats had increased ALT, AST, glucose, and triglyceride levels and decreased total protein and albumin levels. Both compounds increased MCV and decreased haemoglobin levels compared to control. Although they also lowered the insulin level, exposed rats had negative islet cell and insulin antibodies, same as control. Treatment-related histopathological changes included sinusoidal degeneration in the liver, glomerular degeneration in the kidney, and degeneration of pancreatic islets. Our findings document toxic outcomes of MEHP and MBP on endocrine organs in male pubertal rats but also suggest the need for additional studies to better understand the mechanisms behind adverse effects in chronic exposure.
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