The paper is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of materials from the catacomb monuments of the Arys culture of Southern Kazakhstan in the 1st century BC – 4th century AD in the context of Sarmatian ...studies and preserving the ethnocultural traditions of European and Asian Sarmatians in the region on the basis of archaeological data. We describe the catacomb funerary structures of two types in a constructive context: T-shaped and Г- shaped catacombs with long narrow-transverse dromos (a path or a corridor leading to the funerary chamber of the tomb or mound), as well as T-shaped catacombs with dromoses with shaft collars. We determine the role of these funerary structures in rituals of nomads and the functions of funeral attribution – ceramics and signs depicted on it. Special attention is paid to the issues of chronology in the light of new archaeological sources. Several key chronological indicators have been identified, including bronze disc-shaped mirrors with a handle-pin, silver and bronze fibulae-fasteners, gold earrings in a polychrome style, weapons (a dagger with an annular solid pommel and straight bar-like crosshair), Egyptian faience ware, silver buckles in animal style. Other direct and indirect chronological indicators include ceramic censers, as well as numismatic and paleolinguistic materials. We are talking about the discovery of several significant findings in the same cultural layer of the Kangyu period at the same time: the khum with the Sarmatian tamga sign, the Kushan copper coin of the ruler Wim I Takto and the fragment of the Kultobin (Sodi, Kangyu) letter on the ceramic bricks-tables. The data given, the corresponding chronological calculations and ethno-cultural interpretations allow us to speak about the presence of Sarmatians in the territory of the region of Southern Kazakhstan in the 1st – 3rd cc. AD., who at that time integrated into the state of Kangyu.
Etruscan painted tombs provide the earliest and most well-preserved corpus of figurative wall paintings in the ancient Mediterranean. Depictions of musicians, banqueters, and other images provide a ...vibrant array of social and performative events inside a small subset of chambered tombs in central Italy. In part, the rarity of tomb paintings in Etruria, along with their figurative nature, have contributed to a surplus of scholarship related to the tomb paintings themselves. Such perspectives tend to emphasise the presumed meaning of visual imagery inside the tomb, rather than how the tomb space was cognitively and somatically experienced during the interment. Consequently, crucial areas of the tomb, such as the dromos, have been minimised, and burial rites originally performed inside the painted tomb remain unclear. I argue that further clarifying sensory mechanisms underlying sight, sound, and space offers a novel way forward in confronting this reality. This thesis seeks to re-contextualize the Etruscan painted tomb with respect to the physical and cognitive experience of funerary ritual. Rather than singly assessing bodily movement or tomb paintings, the tomb is considered from an emic perspective, as a bounded space with unique visual, spatial, and acoustic properties. Fieldwork data involving sound propagation from 14 painted tombs in Tarquinia and Orvieto are presented along with intact photogrammetric and acoustic models illustrating the painted tomb as an intact navigable space. Such interpretation, when applied in conjunction with existing scholarship, provides a clearer understanding of the Etruscan painted tomb space whilst generating new avenues of research in pre-Roman archaeology. Perhaps most importantly, the Etruscan record is allowed to assume precedence over the words and materiality of another culture, language, author, or object.
The article deals with two burials from the Kuban basin region excavated in Pashkovsky burial mound no. 2 belonging to Maeotian Pashkovskoe ancient settlement. The burials were made in catacombs of ...similar construction and orientation. The narrow grave entrances and grave chambers are situated in-line. The grave chambers of the catacombs adjoin one other that probably was the reason for plunder of a little earlier burial no. 2. There were the complete horse skeleton, the cow skull and the sheep chap in the grave entrance ofthe catacomb no. 2. A skeleton of a man (about 50 years old) was in extended supine position diagonally across the grave chamber, his scull had SSW orientation. Grave goods found near the buried man include the gray-clay bowl and the mug-jar, the iron spearhead, the long sword and the dagger, the bit with wheel-shaped cheek-pieces, the sickle, the knives and the shoe buckles, the glass bead, the chalk rock bead, the bronze buckle and fibula. The catacomb no. 2 plundered in ancient times situated north-ward of the first one, the southern border of the grave chamber is partially cutted by catacomb no. 1. In the grave entrance of the catacomb no. 1 there were the remains of the horse skeleton and the sheep skull. Grave goods scattered in grave chamber included the gray-clay bowl, pieces of chalk, the bronze ring, fragments of the iron buckle, rod, hasp, silver temple ring, bronze escutcheon for the box lock, the iron snap-up loop and fragments of silver flacon with a cover. Late Sarmatian burial rites and grave goods give evidence of the belonging these burials to spokesmen of the equestrian order. The chronological range of the burials stays within terms from the second half of 2nd to the middle of 3rd century A.D. The lower date of the catacomb no. 1 turns toward the end of the 2nd century A.D., the upper date is limited by the first half of the 3rd century A.D. The catacomb no. 2 is stratigraphically older. The eques status of the buried man from the catacomb no. 1 is confirmed by anthropology data. It may be connected with great probability with the Sarmatians settled in the Maeotian hillforts.
This book is the first comprehensive monographic treatment of the New Kingdom (1539–1078 BCE) necropolis at Saqqara, the burial ground of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis, and addresses questions ...fundamental to understanding the site’s development through time. For example, why were certain areas of the necropolis selected for burial in certain time periods; what were the tombs’ spatial relations to contemporaneous and older monuments; and what effect did earlier structures have on the positioning of tombs and structuring of the necropolis in later times? This study adopts landscape biography as a conceptual tool to study the long-time interaction between people and landscapes.
Ozan Köyü Anıtı olarak adlandıracaǧımız yapı, Malatya İline baǧlı Darende İlçesi'nin 22 km güneydoǧusunda bulunan Ozan Köyü sınırları içerisinde, köy merkezinin 500 metre kadar kuzeyinde kayısı ...bahçeleri içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Ozan Köyü, antik coǧrafi bölümleme içerisinde Kappadokia Bölgesi sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Ozan Köyü Anıtı'nı ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak ayrıntılı bir şekilde yapı tanımı yapılmaktadır. Ardından yapının korunma durumundan yola çıkarak gerek alt yapı ve plan gerekse çatı kaplama sistemi üzerine önerdiǧimiz restitüsyonu ile orijinal mimarisi anlaşılmakta ve plan ve cephe tasarımı bakımından benzerleri sunulmaktadır. Bu baǧlamda yapının hangi işlevde kullanıldıǧı sorusunun cevabı aranmaktadır. Son olarak yapının mimari formu ve plan özellikleri, kullanılan malzeme, mimari elemanların form ve dekorasyonu stil analizinden yola çıkılarak tarihleme önerisinde bulunulmaktadır. Plan ve dış cephe tasarımı bakımından Anadolu'da bir benzeri daha bilinmeyen Ozan Köyü Anıt Mezarı, özellikle girlandların stil özellikleri dikkate alındıǧında MS 2. yüzyılın sonuna ait olmalıdır. Yapının içerisinde yoǧun bir tahribat söz konusudur. Bundan dolayı işlevi hususunda elimizde kesin bir veri olmamakla birlikte yapının plan ve cephe tasarımı açısından bulunan benzer örnekler dikkate alındıǧında, bir mezar yapısı olduǧunu önermek mümkündür. Ancak yapının işlevi hususunda daha net bir öneriyi, çevresinde gerçekleştirilecek kazıların ardından söylemek daha doǧru olacaktır. Ozan Köyü Anıt Mezarı'nın plan ve dış cephe tasarımı açısından en yakın benzerleri Numidia ve Osrhoene'de bulunmaktadır. Osrhoene'deki Ma'nu Kule Mezarı, Ion mimarisi kullanılması bakımından da benzer örnekler içerisinde ön plana çıkmaktadır. Özellikle yapının dış cephe tasarımında görülen kemerli nişler ve pencere açıklıkları ise Palmyra Kule Tipi Mezarları'nın dış cephe tasarımlarında mevcuttur. Osrhoene ve Palmyra, coǧrafi açıdan Ozan Köyü Anıt Mezarı'na en yakın örnekleri bulundurması bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Dolayısıyla Ma'nu Kule Anıt Mezarı ve Palmyra Kule tipi Anıt Mezarları, Ozan Köyü Anıt Mezarı'nın tasarımında ön model olarak tercih edilmiş olabilir.
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An innovative account of the life of Tutankhamun, the
rediscovery of his existence, and the enduring impact of the
finding of his tomb, by leading Egyptologist Aidan Dodson
The spectacular discovery ...of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922 has given
him an afterlife that has all but eclipsed the young king's real
career. This authoritative yet accessible book tells the story of
Tutankhamun, from his own lifetime in the fourteenth century BC,
down to modern times. It explores the various theories as to his
parentage, his role in the 'counter-reformation' that followed the
religious revolution of Akhenaten, and his premature death. It also
looks at the monuments built during the king's reign, his key
officials, and the arrangements made for his funeral. Moving
forward in time, Tutankhamun, King of Egypt considers the
way in which Tutankhamun was written out of official history. The
story is then picked up again in the early nineteenth century AD
when, with the first decipherment of hieroglyphs, Tutankhamun's
name could once again be read, and the problem of his place in
history considered by Egyptologists. Aidan Dodson traces possible
solutions through the decades as more and more data came to light,
culminating in the discovery of the king's tomb. Yet, dazzling as
that discovery was, many matters regarding Tutankhamun remain
obscure today, even with the aid of genetic data. Dodson also looks
at how the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb brought about the first
of many outbreaks of "Tut-mania," and explores some of its
manifestations. Richly illustrated in full color throughout, this
fascinating book by a leading Egyptologist will be essential
reading for anyone interested in the life and enduring legacy of
ancient Egypt's most famous king.
One of the goals of ihe 2023 season of the Abydos South Project (ASP) was to investigate a promising but unexcavated portion of land to the west of the pyramid of King Ahmose in South Abydos. This ...area, which was used for herd animals up until 2022, has long been thought to be a possible location for the New Kingdom town associated with the Ahmose pyramid complex. Brief work was conducted there in the 1960s by the Egyptian Antiquities Organization, and David O'Connor excavated a trial trench there during his initial examination of Abydos in 1966. Here, Smith-Sangster discusses the Ahmose North Cemetery appears to stretch over the entire area, nearly 200 m from east to west and over 100 m from sou!h to north. It is very likely that the cemetery also extends for some distance under the modern Islamic cemetery that lies to the immediate south of the site, suggesting we have found the northernmost boundary of the necropolis. The portion of the site excavated during the 2023 season encompassed approximately 40 burials ranging from simple pit burials to large, multi-chambered shaft tombs.
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Abstract
The survey of extensive and topographically irregular landscapes is not easy. Survey teams often must be creative to cover the largest area possible, in a short time, with limited budgets, ...without losing quality and effectiveness in their work. The use of techniques employing geographic information system (GIS) tools has tremendously improved the efficiency and quality of the surveys. Such techniques were employed in the Jabal al‐Yamh and Ḥattā Valley (Emirate of Dubai, UAE), and their methodology, implementation and effectiveness are discussed in this paper. The Jabal al‐Yamh Research Project, which began in 2018 to survey, excavate, restore and research the prehistoric tombs in the Jabal al‐Yamh and the surrounding Ḥattā Valley, thus used primarily GIS tools employing remote sensing and probabilistic analysis to identify a large number of tombs in this rugged topography, delimitating areas more likely to contain tombs. On the other hand, identifying tomb distribution and orientation patterns through GIS data queries also allowed us to answer several sociocultural questions posed during the development of this project. This paper will thus discuss two primary purposes of this project's survey: methods for identifying new tombs for further excavation and protection, on the one hand, and the interpretation of those same tombs' emplacement, attending to their distribution and orientation pattern, on the other, thus developing a theoretical and predictive model of the distribution of prehistoric tombs in the area.
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Abstract
The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Pengyang County Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments conducted archaeological investigations, ...probing surveys, and excavations of the Yaoheyuan site from 2017 to 2020. They identified various features, including city walls, moats, a high-ranking burial, a cemetery of small-sized tombs, palatial foundations, a bronze foundry zone, as well as roads and a network of water channels. Retrieved artifacts include objects made of pottery, jade and stone, bone and antler, ivory, mussel, proto-porcelain, and inscribed oracle bone. The Yaoheyuan site, dating from the early through the late Western Zhou, is the capital city of the Huo state of the Western Zhou. This excavation provides invaluable new data for understanding Western Zhou political structure and the relationship between the Zhou royal house and the western frontier. It also sheds new light on the chronological framework and the trajectory of social complexity in the eastern Gansu region.
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