High-speed rail (HSR) connectivity can compress travel time and space distances and have a significant impact on trans-regional tourism flows. Using panel data on trans-regional flows of inbound ...tourism in 31 provinces of China from 2004 to 2019, this paper takes the HSR connectivity as a quasi-natural experiment and constructs a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model to empirically test the impact and the mechanism of the HSR connectivity on flows of inbound tourists.
The results show that: The HSR connectivity has a significant positive effect on the trans-regional flow of inbound tourists; The connectivity of HSR has a greater impact on the trans-regional flow of inbound tourists in both western regions and regions with higher and lower tourism resource endowments. And the impact of HSR connectivity on trans-regional flows of inbound tourists is stronger in economically developed regions; the space-time distance in the trans-regional flows of inbound tourists can be compressed by the HSR connectivity. This paper provides policy recommendations for optimizing HSR routes to promote sustainable tourism development.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Not only can air pollution reduce the overall competitiveness of tourist destinations, but also changes tourists' travel decisions, thereby affecting the tourism flows. The study presents a machine ...learning method to analyze how the haze pollution puts spatial effect on tourism flows in China from 2001 to 2018, and reveals the regional differences in heterogeneity among eastern, central, and western China. Our investigation reveals three interesting observations. First, the Environmental Kuznets Curve of the impact of haze pollution on tourism flows is not significant. In the eastern and western regions, the interaction between haze pollution and domestic tourism flows as well as inbound tourism flows shows an inverted U-shaped curve respectively. Second, there is an significantly positive spillover effect of tourism flows in all of the eastern, central, and western regions. As to the intensity of spillover, domestic tourism flows is higher than that of the inbound tourism flows. Both of the above figures are greatest in the eastern. Third, the Chinese haze pollution mainly reduces the inbound tourism flows, and only imposes significantly negative direct effects on the domestic tourism flows in the central region. In the central and eastern regions, significantly negative direct effects and spillover effects are exerted on inbound tourism.
This study uses a gravity approach to investigate the effect of dyadic hostility levels on bilateral tourism flows and determine whether regional trade agreements (RTAs) attenuate the link between ...dyadic hostility levels and tourism flows. We used a balanced panel dataset of 189 destination countries, 200 origin countries, and 16,059 country-pairs from 2005 through 2015. The results show that while low-level dyadic hostility suppresses international tourism flows, its effect is often weak or statistically insignificant. However, the analysis shows strong evidence that high-level dyadic hostility dampens tourism flows across a range of model specifications. Furthermore, the results indicate that RTA membership helps to reverse the negative effect of both low and high levels of dyadic hostility on tourism flows.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
We employ a gravity framework to evaluate the importance of transport infrastructure in determining the tourism attractiveness of destinations. The analysis is based on a panel data set of bilateral ...tourism flows among 28 countries over the decade 1990–2000. We find that, on top of tourism infrastructure and other classical determinants, transport infrastructure is a significant determinant of tourism inflows into a destination. Disaggregated continent-wise analysis reveals that the sensitiveness of tourism flows to transport infrastructure does vary, depending on origins and destinations. We also find evidence of repeated tourism around the world, the more so from high-income origins and to high-income destinations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This article analyzes the influence of heritage labeling on tourist flows in Andalusia (Spain). Some of the labels considered correspond to public registries whose purpose is the protection of ...heritage, while others correspond to specific recognitions aimed at promoting tourism and local development. A data panel of 31 tourist destinations covering the entire territory of Andalusia has been constructed for the period 2009-2022, incorporating the tourist flows of travelers as response variables and the density of the different typologies of cultural heritage elements as explanatory variables and different control variables. Different models with temporal and transversal effects have been estimated, aimed at evaluating the contribution of different typologies of cultural heritage on traveler flows. The results show that cultural heritage has a significant effect on tourist flows in Andalusia, but with a different distribution depending on the type of flow and the typology of the tourist destination.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study examines the impact of distance on outbound travel demand by comparing departures from 92 source markets to over 4700 discrete destination pairs. Travel to land neighbours dominates ...outbound travel, accounting for 53% of all departures. Share of departures for travel >5000 km was typically 3% or lower. The study also identified different travel flows depending on the origin region, with share of outbound travel a function of the number and size of receiving countries, as well as the presence of an Effective Tourism Exclusion Zone, a zone where little or no tourism activity occurs.
•This paper analyses outbound travel from 92 source markets and arrivals to over 4700 market-destination pairs.•Evidence of distance decay is ubiquitous regardless of the location of the source market or its state of economic development.•More than half of all international travel occurs to land neighbours and two-thirds to places within 2000 km of a source market.•Distance travelled is a function of the number of size of destination countries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cultural heritage is a potentially important determinant of international tourism flows. Apart from being an enrichment for both individuals and communities and an opportunity for different cultures ...to meet, tourism also represents a significant industry for European economies. We empirically investigate the impact of the endowment of tangible cultural heritage on tourism attractiveness of European regions. We measure material forms of cultural heritage both as regional density of locally defined monuments, cultural landscapes and museums, and as number of cultural sites listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites international programme. Using a Bayesian multilevel gravity model, we find that UNESCO cultural World Heritage Sites are associated with an increase of 6,000 (one site) to 60,000 (eight sites) international tourists from each European country to an average European region. On the other hand, regionally or nationally defined tangible forms of heritage play a more limited role as pull‐factors for international tourism. Moreover, we show that the presence of UNESCO sites reduces the distance decay effect. International tourists are willing to travel longer distance if a destination is endowed with UNESCO cultural World Heritage Sites.
Resumen
El patrimonio cultural es un determinante potencialmente importante de las corrientes turísticas internacionales. Además de ser un enriquecimiento tanto para los individuos como para las comunidades y una oportunidad para el encuentro de diferentes culturas, el turismo también representa una industria importante para las economías europeas. En este artículo se investiga empíricamente el impacto de la dotación de patrimonio cultural tangible en el atractivo turístico de las regiones europeas. Se midieron las formas materiales del patrimonio cultural, en lo que respecta tanto a la densidad regional de los monumentos, paisajes culturales y museos definidos localmente, como al número de sitios culturales incluidos en el programa internacional de Lugares UNESCO Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Mediante el uso de un modelo bayesiano de gravedad multinivel se encontró que los Lugares UNESCO Patrimonio de la Humanidad están asociados con un aumento de entre 6.000 (para un sitio) a 60.000 (para ocho sitios) turistas internacionales de cada país europeo para una región europea media. Por otra parte, las formas tangibles de patrimonio definidas a nivel regional o nacional desempeñan un papel más limitado como factores de atracción para el turismo internacional. Además, se muestra que la presencia de sitios UNESCO reduce el efecto de decaimiento por distancia. Los turistas internacionales están dispuestos a viajar más lejos si un destino está dotado de Lugares UNESCO Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
抄録
文化遺産は、国際観光客の移動の重要な決定要因となりうる。観光は、個人とコミュニティの両方を豊かにするもの、または異文化交流の機会であるばかりでなく、欧州経済の重要な産業でもある。本稿では、欧州の地域の観光地としての魅力に対する有形文化遺産の資源の影響を実証的に検討する。文化遺産の物質的形態を、地域的に定義されるモニュメント、文化的景観、博物館の密度およびUNESCO世界遺産の国際プログラムに登録されている文化遺産の数として測定する。階層ベイズ重力モデルによる分析から、UNESCOの文化世界遺産は、平均的な欧州地域に訪れる欧州各国からの国際観光客が6,000人(1つの目的地)から6万人(8つの目的地)に増加することに関連していることが分かった。一方で、地域または国が定義した有形遺産は、国際的な観光旅行の誘因として、かなり限定的な役割しか果たしていない。さらに、UNESCO世界遺産の存在が距離減衰効果を低減していることが示された。国際観光客は、目的地にUNESCO指定文化世界遺産があれば、長距離でも厭うことなく訪問している。
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DOBA, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The present study explores the impacts of regional conflicts on tourism in the Middle East and African countries. The adopted dataset covers 2001-2017 and examines the effects of such conflicts and ...the resulting risks on the tourism industry for thirty-nine countries. Diagnostic tests confirmed and the spatial Durbin model selected as the estimation model. According to the results, economic growth in the origin country and in neighbouring countries increases domestic tourists in number. The results showed conflicting spillover of domestic and foreign prices in the impacts of relative prices on the arrival of tourists. Rising prices in neighbouring countries lead to more domestic tourists, while higher domestic prices were revealed to be an indicator of developed tourism structures and more tourists. Trade openness was not found to have a significant effect on the arrival of tourists. Also, the results demonstrate that countries with higher levels of conflict experience lower rates of tourist arrival. In addition, according to the results, managing the political risk of countries and reducing conflicts over time cannot significantly improve the arrival of tourists, in the short run. It is observed that political risks for tourists form in a long-term context, and its alteration requires time.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Introduction. This work is devoted to the study and comparison of trends in the development of tourism in Ukraine and abroad. The source of information is the knoema database, data of the State ...Statistics Service of Ukraine and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to study goals of the arrival of foreigners to Ukraine and the departure of Ukrainians abroad, as well as their changes. The research of the contribution of tourism to the GDP of different countries provides an opportunity to assess Ukraine’s potential in the development of this area. Results. During 2013-2017, the indisputable world leaders in the number of foreign tourists were Spain, Italy, China, the USA and France. 2014 was a critical year for Ukraine, when there was a significant decrease in the number of arrivals – they almost halved compared to the previous year. This situation is explained by security concerns due to the situation in the country. The introduction of the visa-free regime with the Schengen Area contributed not only to the growth of tourist flows, but also to the labor emigration of Ukrainians. In 2017 the most attractive country for them was Poland (37.8% of the total number of emigrants). Most of the countries who are leaders in the growth of international tourism also show the growth of tourism contribution to GDP. This indicates a significant potential for Ukraine in this area. Conclusions. It would be relevant to study the experience of those countries that have made significant progress in the development of tourism in recent years. It is necessary to develop comprehensive state support programs and encourage the development of tourism. These measures will lead to the rise of other areas of activity and thus stimulate the development of the Ukrainian economy as a whole.
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