In most plants, major unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are three C18 species, namely, oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and α-linolenic (18:3) acids. These simple compounds play multiple crucial roles
and ...are also important economic traits of oil crops. The enzymatic steps of C18 UFA biosynthesis have been well established. However, the associated FA/lipid trafficking between the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum remains largely unclear, as does the regulation of the expression and activities of the involved enzymes. In this review, we will revisit the biosynthesis of C18 UFAs with an emphasis on the trafficking, and present an overview of the key enzymes and their regulation. Of particular interest is the emerging regulatory network composed of transcriptional factors and upstream signaling pathways. The review thereby provides the promise of using physical, biochemical and/or genetic means to manipulate FA composition and increase oil yield in crop improvement.
Cold stress restricts plant growth, development, and distribution. Understanding how plants transduce and respond to cold signals has long been a topic of interest. Traditional genetic and molecular ...analyses have identified C-repeat/DREB binding factors (CBFs) as key transcription factors that function in cold acclimation. Recent studies revealed the involvement of pivotal protein kinases and transcription factors in CBF-dependent signaling, expanding our knowledge of cold signal transduction from perception to downstream gene expression events. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular regulation of these core components of the CBF cold signaling pathway. Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the ability of plants to survive freezing temperatures will facilitate the development of crop plants with increased freezing tolerance.
Plants withstand freezing stress by triggering cold acclimation processes; the CBF-dependent pathway has a central role in cold acclimation in plants.
A cold acclimation mechanism is proposed by which the cold signal is transduced from the membrane to the nucleus, leading to a series of biochemical and physiological changes in the cell and the induction of cold-responsive genes.
A subset of transcriptional regulators is involved in CBF-dependent and -independent pathways that regulate cold-regulated (COR) gene expression.
Several protein kinases are important regulators of the CBF signaling pathway, including SNF1-related protein kinases (SnRK2s), receptor-like protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs).
The interplay of cold, light, and phytohormone signaling is important for balancing freezing tolerance and plant growth.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The emergency for treating obesity has increased, triggering severe economic issues worldwide. The consumption of anthocyanins from different dietetic sources or by pharmaceutical prescription has ...shown strong associations with ameliorating specific physiological biomarkers and genetic factors related to obesity.
This review focuses on examining and contrasting the findings from the past five years regarding the precise effects of anthocyanin compounds on metabolic health. These effects were evaluated primarily in in vivo models, assessed before and after consumption of various anthocyanin compounds from fresh foods, food extracts, and supplemental products. Descriptions of a few elements connected to, among others, adipose tissue, vascular endothelium, systemic pro-inflammatory state, and obesity biomarkers are reviewed.
Clinical trials in subjects with overweight and obesity and essays in murine obesity-induced models have reported promising findings concerning anthocyanins consumption, specifically cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ingestion. The main effects in physiological biomarkers and indicators of anthocyanins consumption are a significant reduction of body weight and fat mass (brown adipocytes), triglycerides, cholesterol (LDL and VLDL), insulin resistance (HOMA) and a decrease of inflammation biomarkers such as IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, promoting the AMPK and MAPK pathways and regulating genes related to adipogenesis (PPAR-γ, GPx1, ACAT3, COX2, UCP1, and IL1β). There is a lack of studies on human subjects with obesity to corroborate the beneficial effects of anthocyanins (by diet or prescribed). It is necessary to discuss the food policies and nutritional advice regulations for incentivizing anthocyanin ingestion as a therapeutic effect against obesity.
•Anthocyanins supplementation could be an effective treatment to treat obesity.•Anthocyanins have effects on glucose and lipids metabolism via AMPK/MAPK.•Different experimental models have shown improvements in obesity biomarkers.•Clinical trials in humans are needed to elucidate the interference mechanisms.•Consumption of foods with anthocyanins should be recommended in health policies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•This review unravels the regulation of plant secondary metabolites under biotic stress.•The mechanism of action of plants' secondary metabolites to innate immunity is also highlighted.•Insights into ...regulation of transcription factors under biotic stress are also elaborated.
Secondary metabolites in plants have been recognized as a novel basis of potential bio-pesticides, paving the way for their use in sustainable agriculture. Plant secondary metabolites have pivotal roles in plant-pathogen interactions. Some important secondary metabolites of plants are terpenoids, flavanols, flavones, etc., are stress-inducible phytochemicals playing an important role in plant immune response development. Pathogen enters into host cell, multiply and utilise the biological mechanism of plants, causing a hazard to world food assembly. Under stressed circumstances, plants evolve a powerful and intricate system of growth and defensive action. On the other hand, transcription factors (TFs) assist host plants to counter adverse environments by acting as mediators of stress signal and regulating the stress-responsive gene expression. The transcriptional and post-transcriptional manipulation of transcriptional factors is capable of aid in molecular breeding and genetic modification meant for improved secondary metabolite synthesis. Although the presence of numerous secondary metabolites has been established in plant life, very slight is known about their interaction with pathogens and the specific mechanisms involved in leading to plant immunity. Chemical pesticides are wreaking havoc on our environment. As a consequence, environmental-friendly alternatives to disease management, like plant-based metabolites, should be explored. In this appraisal, we have reviewed plant secondary metabolites in relation to pathogens, their contribution to innate immunity, mechanism of action, and regulation of TFs in response to combating plant infections in an eco-friendly approach.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a collection of neurological disabilities marked by difficulties with behavior, speech, language, and interaction. It is a complicated and behaviorally defined ...static disorder of the developing brain. Recently it has become a serious concern across the world. The goal of this project was to use bioinformatics tools and network biology to uncover the molecular signatures and pathways of ASD. We investigated brain transcriptomics gene expression datasets and determined 47 dysregulated differentially expressed common genes. Several kinds of crucial neurodegeneration-related molecular mechanisms in the signaling structures were determined as a result of these investigations. We implemented gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using bimolecular pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms to determine the role of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), as well as protein-protein interactions (PPI), transcriptional factor interactions, and post-transcriptional factor interactions. PPI network collected the top ten hub genes including KIT, PIN1, GATA1, GRIN2A, PBX2, BLK, ATP6V1B1, TCF7L1, TRAF1, and HSPG2. The PPI network also revealed the existence of two sub-networks. Moreover, several transcription factors (NFIC, USF2, TFAP2A, RELA, FOXL1, GATA2, YY1, FOXC1, NFKB1, and E2F1) and post-transcription factors (mir-335-5p, mir-26b-5p, mir-124-3p, mir-192-5p, mir-1-3p, mir-215-5p, mir-6825-5p, mir-146a-5p, mir-8485, and mir-93-5p) were found throughout this study. Some drug-like molecules were also predicted that might have a beneficial effect against ASD. We detected potentially novel links between pathogenic conditions in ASD patient's brain tissues. This work offers molecular biomarkers at the gene expression level and protein bases that could aid in a better understanding of molecular pathways, as well as potential pharmacological approaches and therapies for developing effective ASD treatments.
•Bioinformatics analysis of transcriptomic data found significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that revealed new molecular pathways of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).•The PPI network identified significant hub-proteins that can be used to predict drug compounds that could inhibit the development of autism spectrum disorder.•Regulatory factors and associated genes were identified from the TFs–DEGs, miRNAs–DEGs, and Disease-DEGs coregulatory connections.•The gene-set enrichment presented gene ontological terms as well as pathway analysis that shared biological function in the expansion of autism spectrum disorder.•An analysis of drug-DEGs interactions identified a number of small molecular agents with promising prospects for treating autism spectrum disorder.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The change in climatic conditions is the major cause for decline in crop production worldwide. Decreasing crop productivity will further lead to increase in global hunger rate. Climate change results ...in environmental stress which has negative impact on plant-like deficiencies in growth, crop yield, permanent damage, or death if the plant remains in the stress conditions for prolonged period. Cold stress is one of the main abiotic stresses which have already affected the global crop production. Cold stress adversely affects the plants leading to necrosis, chlorosis, and growth retardation. Various physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses under cold stress have revealed that the cold resistance is more complex than perceived which involves multiple pathways. Like other crops, legumes are also affected by cold stress and therefore, an effective technique to mitigate cold-mediated damage is critical for long-term legume production. Earlier, crop improvement for any stress was challenging for scientific community as conventional breeding approaches like inter-specific or inter-generic hybridization had limited success in crop improvement. The availability of genome sequence, transcriptome, and proteome data provides in-depth sight into different complex mechanisms under cold stress. Identification of QTLs, genes, and proteins responsible for cold stress tolerance will help in improving or developing stress-tolerant legume crop. Cold stress can alter gene expression which further leads to increases in stress protecting metabolites to cope up the plant against the temperature fluctuations. Moreover, genetic engineering can help in development of new cold stress-tolerant varieties of legume crop. This paper provides a general insight into the “omics” approaches for cold stress in legume crops.
Acid rain is a widespread environmental issue intensely affecting normal plant growth of crops. Melatonin is well known pleiotropic molecule which improves abiotic and biotic stress tolerance of ...plants through physiological and molecular mediation. However, the impact of exogenous melatonin on molecular activities under acid rain conditions in plants has never been studied. The objective of the study is to expose the possible role of exogenous melatonin on physiological and molecular changes against acid rain stress in tomato. Transcriptome profile through RNA-sequence analysis identified 1228, 1120 and 1537 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in control plant (Ctr) vs simulated acid rain stressed plant (P25) comparison, control plant vs melatonin treatment in simulated acid rain stressed plant (P25M) comparison and P25 vs P25M comparison, respectively. Among them, 152 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were commonly expressed and the expression of secondary metabolites related gene was noticeably observed in all comparison. Moreover, transcript families such as ERF, WRKY, MYB and bZIP related gene accounted more in all treatment comparison. The RNA-sequence and qPCR results indicated that exogenous melatonin is closely associated with acid rain stress moderator and might be involved in alteration of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites and transcriptional factor encoding genes expression which might have potential application against environmental hazardous conditions.
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•Acid rain causes oxidative damage and hampers growth, physiological and molecular activities in tomato.•Exogenous melatonin improved stress tolerance through stimulating the activities of antioxidants and directly ROS-scavenging free radicals.•Exogenous melatonin enhances acid rain stress tolerance in plants through up-regulating the secondary metabolites related gene expression.•Exogenous melatonin adjusts the expression of transcriptional factors to facilitate expression of ROS-scavenging enzyme-encoding genes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•By division of labor, strains N5 and B9 greatly improved phenol degradation.•Expression of key genes involved in phenol degradation was changed in co-culture.•The strains in the ...co-culture regulated the expression of genes by reciprocities.•Synergistic regulation of gene expression promoted phenol degradation in co-culture.
The aim of this work is to study the synergistic effect of Stenotrophomonas sp. N5 and Advenella sp. B9 co-culture (COC) on enhancement of phenol biodegradation. These two strains utilizing phenol as sole carbon and energy source were isolated from phenol-containing coking wastewater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed the COC of N5 and B9 has stronger capability to degrade phenol than either of mono-culture (MOC). Growth kinetics studies indicated inhibitory effect of phenol on COC was reduced by the interaction of N5 and B9 in COC. The RNA-Seq results demonstrated that phenol biodegradation was enhanced by metabolic division of labor (DOL) in COC based on the expression of key genes for phenol degradation. GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated DEGs between COC and MOC degradation systems are mainly concentrated in the synthesis of cell components, microbial growth and metabolism, and catalytic activity. The expression of 3 transcriptional factors (LysR, Two-component system response regulator, and TetR families) which can regulate degradation of aromatic compounds, was identified beneficial to phenol degradation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•The mechanism of action of tomato ripening-associated TFs.•Direct target genes of TFs.•The roles of interaction between TFs and proteins in ripening.
The regulation of ripening in fleshy fruits has ...been the subject of considerable scientific study, mainly due to that it directly affects the shelf life and quality of such fruits. Fruit ripening is controlled by many factors, including hormones, environmental signals and transcription factors. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has long served as an excellent model for fleshy fruit ripening. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent developments of the mechanisms that regulate fruit ripening in tomato by transcription factors, including NAC, MADS-box and bHLH transcription factors, ZFPs, SRs/CAMTA and HD-zip homeobox proteins. The involvement of ethylene- and auxin-related transcription factors in controlling ripening has been highlighted in this review. Interestingly, some transcription factors regulate fruit ripening in tomato via directly targeting ripening-related genes. Protein-protein interaction also plays a vital role in modulating tomato fruit ripening. Moreover, we also review the advances in the application of RNAi and CRISPR/Cas technology for crop improvement, which may help develop many mutant crop varieties in the future. The identification of the key transcription factors in tomato ripening has opened new horizons in our understanding of fruit ripening. This review will be useful for researchers engaged in fruit ripening and crop improvement around the globe.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
LuxR‐type transcriptional factors are essential in many bacterial physiological processes. However, there have been no reports on their roles in Aeromonas hydrophila. In this study, six stable silent ...strains were constructed using shRNA. Significant decreases in the expression levels of luxR05, luxR08, luxR19, luxR11, luxR164 and luxR165 were shown in their respective strains by qRT‐PCR. The luxR05‐RNAi and luxR164‐RNAi exhibit the most significant changes in sensitivity to kanamycin and gentamicin. The luxR05‐RNAi showed minimum biofilm formation and the least motility, while luxR164‐RNAi showed minimum biofilm formation, adhesion, growth and extracellular protease activity compared to the wild‐type strain. In summary, the results of this paper suggest that all six luxR genes are involved in multiple physiological processes in A. hydrophila and that the roles of luxR05 and luxR164 are highly significant. The sensitivity of luxR05‐RNAi and luxR164‐RNAi to drugs may be closely related to biofilm formation. The luxR05 may play an important role in the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila by regulating the movement, adhesion and biofilm formation of bacteria, whereas luxR164 may be involved in similar functions by regulating bacterial adhesion, extracellular enzyme activity and growth. These results help further our understanding of the drug resistance and pathogenesis of A. hydrophila.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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