This study attempted to investigate the types of sentence structures spoken by Joe Biden and Donald Trump in the election night speech in the year of 2020. The design of this research was qualitative ...and quantitative research. The total of 101 sentences of both Joe Biden and Donald Trump were analyzed by using syntactical structure analysis. The instruments of this research were documentation and checklist tables. The data were analyzed by using Miles, Huberman, and Saldana’s theory, and Carnie’s theory was used for the rules in portraying the tree diagram. The results of the study showed that all types of sentence structures appeared in both speeches. In Joe Biden’s speech, there were 40% simple sentence structures, 26.7% complex sentence structures, 16.7% compound sentence structures, and 16.7% compound complex sentence structures. In Donald Trump’s speech, there were 59,2% simple sentence structures, 19.7% complex sentence structures, 15.4% compound sentence structures, and 5.6% compound complex sentence structures. In other words, the simple sentence structures appeared the most dominant in both Donald Trump and Joe Biden speeches. It is recommended that other researchers should study the sentence structures of other American presidents (e.g. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barrack Obama) in order to expand the descriptions of sentence structures of the US presidents in general.
In this paper the authors present the application of a modern tool of quality management for improving the quality of welded subassemblies. A tree diagram has been developed which illustrates the ...measures needed to improve the quality of welded subassemblies. The proposed measures were based on a preliminary study of the causes which generate welding defects.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study was aimed to examine the effectiveness of using the Tree Diagram technique to enhance mastery of vocabulary in seventh-grade students of MTs Miftahul Huda Bulungan in the academic year ...2021/2022. Quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group design was used as the research design. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling and involved two classes which included 33 students in the experimental group and 32 students in the control group. The instruments were 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 essay questions. A T-test was used to analyze the data. The result of the t-test was 2,786>1,670. The Null Hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. There was a significant difference in mean scores of pretest and posttest which indicated that the tree diagram technique took a good effect on the students’ vocabulary mastery. This study concluded that the implementation of the tree diagram was effective to improve the students’ vocabulary mastery
This study is about a syntactic analysis on sentences in the song lyrics of Josh Groban by using tree diagram theory. Thus, the aims of this study are (1) To find out the types of the phrases used in ...Josh Groban song lyrics (2) To find out the sentence patterns used in Josh Groban song lyrics. The object of this study is Josh Groban song lyrics which entitled “You Raise Me Up”. The method of this study is qualitative analysis. The technique of collecting the data is by using 3 steps. The 3 steps are: (1) preparing and organizing, (2) coding, and (3) representing the data. Finally, the findings of this study are as follows; (1) there are 3 types of phrases, they are 7 Noun Phrase (NP), 9 adverbial phrases (AP), and 9 verb phrases (VP). (2) There are 3 sentence patterns in Josh Groban song lyrics, they are; (1) S = N+VP (2) S1+Conj.+S2 (S1 = N+V, S2 = N+VP) (3) S1+Conj.+S2 (S1 = N+VP, S2 = N+VP)
Changing the information format from probabilities into frequencies as well as employing appropriate visualizations such as tree diagrams or 2 × 2 tables are important tools that can facilitate ...people's statistical reasoning. Previous studies have shown that despite their widespread use in statistical textbooks, both of those visualization types are only of restricted help when they are provided with probabilities, but that they can foster insight when presented with frequencies instead. In the present study, we attempt to replicate this effect and also examine, by the method of eye tracking,
probabilistic 2 × 2 tables and tree diagrams do not facilitate reasoning with regard to Bayesian inferences (i.e., determining what errors occur and whether they can be explained by scan paths), and
the same visualizations are of great help to an individual when they are combined with frequencies. All ten inferences of
= 24 participants were based solely on tree diagrams or 2 × 2 tables that presented either the famous "mammography context" or an "economics context" (without additional textual wording). We first asked participants for marginal, conjoint, and (non-inverted) conditional probabilities (or frequencies), followed by related Bayesian tasks. While solution rates were higher for natural frequency questions as compared to probability versions, eye-tracking analyses indeed yielded noticeable differences regarding eye movements between correct and incorrect solutions. For instance, heat maps (aggregated scan paths) of distinct results differed remarkably, thereby making correct and faulty strategies visible in the line of theoretical classifications. Moreover, the inherent structure of 2 × 2 tables seems to help participants avoid certain Bayesian mistakes (e.g., "Fisherian" error) while tree diagrams seem to help steer them away from others (e.g., "joint occurrence"). We will discuss resulting educational consequences at the end of the paper.
Operations, management and planning of urban transit systems have evolved substantially since the application of transit data collection technologies, such as, automated fare collection (AFC), Global ...Position System (GPS), smartphones and face identification. A diversity of detailed sensor data in urban transit systems are being used as fundamental data sources to observe passenger travel behavior, reschedule operation plans and adjust policy decisions from the daily operations to the long-term network planning. This review aims to summarize and analyze those related challenges and data-driven applications. Firstly, we review the data collecting technologies since the late 1990s by classifying the various technologies into two groups: traditional technologies and advanced technologies. A vast body of literature has been developed in this area given the wide range of problems addressed under the transit data label. A summary diagram is proposed to demonstrate the transit data applications and research topics. The data applications are classified into three branches: passenger behavior, operation optimization, and policy application. For each branch, the hot research direction and dimension shown as sub-branches are represented by reviewing the highly cited and the latest literature. As a result, this article discussed the concept and characteristics of transit data and its collection technologies, and further summarized the methodology and potential for each transit data application and suggested a few promising implications for future efforts.
This paper presents aspects related to the quality of the camshaft. The measures that reduce the camshaft wear on internal combustion engines have been identified and classified. The authors present ...the use of a modern quality management tool - tree diagram. A shaft diagram has been developed which gives a suggestive picture of the measures to be applied to reduce the camshaft wear on internal combustion engines.
It is an ongoing debate, what properties of visualizations increase people's performance when solving Bayesian reasoning tasks. In the discussion of the properties of two visualizations, i.e., the ...tree diagram and the unit square, we emphasize how both visualizations make relevant subset relations transparent. Actually, the unit square with natural frequencies reveals the subset relation that is essential for the Bayes' rule in a numerical and geometrical way whereas the tree diagram with natural frequencies does it only in a numerical way. Accordingly, in a first experiment with 148 university students, the unit square outperformed the tree diagram when referring to the students' ability to quantify the subset relation that must be applied in Bayes' rule. As hypothesized, in a second experiment with 143 students, the unit square was significantly more effective when the students' performance in tasks based on Bayes' rule was regarded. Our results could inform the debate referring to Bayesian reasoning since we found that the graphical transparency of nested sets could explain these visualizations' effect.
For more than 20 years, research has proven the beneficial effect of natural frequencies when it comes to solving Bayesian reasoning tasks (Gigerenzer and Hoffrage, 1995). In a recent meta-analysis, ...McDowell and Jacobs (2017) showed that presenting a task in natural frequency format increases performance rates to 24% compared to only 4% when the same task is presented in probability format. Nevertheless, on average three quarters of participants in their meta-analysis failed to obtain the correct solution for such a task in frequency format. In this paper, we present an empirical study on what participants typically do wrong when confronted with natural frequencies. We found that many of them did not actually
natural frequencies for their calculations, but translated them back into complicated probabilities instead. This switch from the intuitive
to a less intuitive
will be discussed within the framework of psychological theories (e.g., the Einstellung effect).
The purpose of this study is to propose and discuss the pedagogical idea of introducing conditional probability with the relative frequency approach. This study developed a learning activity and ...simulation using the frequency tree diagram and implemented them. The first-year high school students (n=14) were able to construct the concept of conditional probability through a frequency perspective of sequentially obtaining the conditional relative frequency, the limit of the relative frequency, and the theoretical probability. The implications for teaching and curriculum were presented.
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