The article concerns the history of linguistics in the 19th century, in particular August Schleicher’s place in the history of linguistics and his scholarly heritage for linguistics in the 20th ...century, recalling that he was the founder of a method still characteristic of comparative linguistics today. The report describes the theory and methodology of this German representative of comparative linguistics, presenting Schleicher’s research, which was influenced by Darwin’s Origin of Species and by Hegel’s philosophy. In Prague (1850–1857) Schleicher worked intensively on the synchronic and historical grammar of Old Church Slavonic (1852) and of Lithuanian (1856–1857). In Jena (1857–1868) he wrote one of the major syntheses of comparative and historical grammar of the Indo-European languages — his Compendium der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft der indogermanischen Sprachen (Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages, 1861–1862) in which he postulated the first historical and comparative phonology of the Indo-European languages, which depends on the regularity, or “universal validity”, of the rules of sound change, or “sound laws”, and consolidated the large number of phonological and morphological descriptions of individual Indo-European languages into the unified system of a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language; Schleicher then represented the inter-relationships of the Indo-European languages in the form of a genealogical tree diagram (Stammbaum).
This article derives the recursion formulae of Formula omitted. and demonstrates through tree diagrams how the formulae for the cases of script small l = 1, 2, 3 are closely related. Visual thinking ...by diagrams is pedagogically significant for observing patterns hidden in the formulae for Formula omitted. . PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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The article concerns the history of linguistics in the 19th century, in particular August Schleicher’s place in the history of linguistics and his scholarly heritage for linguistics in the 20th ...century, recalling that he was the founder of a method still characteristic of comparative linguistics today. The report describes the theory and methodology of this German representative of comparative linguistics, presenting Schleicher’s research, which was influenced by Darwin’s Origin of Species and by Hegel’s philosophy. In Prague (1850–1857) Schleicher worked intensively on the synchronic and historical grammar of Old Church Slavonic (1852) and of Lithuanian (1856–1857). In Jena (1857–1868) he wrote one of the major syntheses of comparative and historical grammar of the Indo-European languages — his Compendium der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft der indogermanischen Sprachen (Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages, 1861–1862) in which he postulated the first historical and comparative phonology of the Indo-European languages, which depends on the regularity, or “universal validity”, of the rules of sound change, or “sound laws”, and consolidated the large number of phonological and morphological descriptions of individual Indo-European languages into the unified system of a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language; Schleicher then represented the inter-relationships of the Indo-European languages in the form of a genealogical tree diagram (Stammbaum).
This article derives the recursion formulae of
and demonstrates through tree diagrams how the formulae for the cases of ℓ = 1, 2, 3 are closely related. Visual thinking by diagrams is pedagogically ...significant for observing patterns hidden in the formulae for
.
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In this study, a multivariate analysis of morphological and physiological characteristics was performed on clinically healthy rams from six breeds (Santa Ines, Bergamasca, Dorper, Texel, Ile de ...France and Hampshire Down) to determine if these characteristics were able to separate and determine the most important variables in the differentiation of breeds for heat adaptation. To characterize the thermal environment, mean temperature was 23°C and relative humidity ranged between 30.6-55.6%. Morphological and physiological data were subjected to multivariate statistical tests including principal components (PRINCOMP), clustering (CLUSTER), discriminant (DISCRIM), step-by-step (STEPDISC) and canonical (CANDISC) analyses, using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS®). A multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out with the variables defined as important by the discriminant analysis. The principal components analysis for biometric characteristics and scrotum-testicle, for physiological characteristics and body temperature as well as the characteristics of the skin and hair explained 60, 70 and 67 % of the total variation, respectively. The dendrogram showed a clear separation between the breeds studied and the existence of two distinct groups, one formed by the Texel and the other by the other breeds, considering all the characteristics used in the study. The most useful morphological parameters to explain heat tolerance were diameter of hair, layer thickness of hair at withers, 12th thoracic vertebra and rump, withers height, thoracic and scrotal circumferences, body weight, anterior and posterior shin perimeters, hair and epidermis brightness as well as the content of red and yellow in the epidermis. Among physiological characteristics, respiratory rate was better than rectal temperature and heart rate to explain changes caused by thermal stress. From the multivariate and variance analyzes it can be concluded that the Santa Ines breed was the most tolerant to heat stress as it presented a highly pigmented epidermis, a shorter hair of larger diameter, the lower layer thickness of hair at withers, 12th thoracic vertebra and rump, the lower temperatures in the testicle and at the 12th thoracic vertebra as well as the lower respiratory rate and rectal temperature value.
In this paper, classification of 44 Jingdezhen ancient ceramics samples in previous dynasties was studied with the tree diagram method. The results of classification were got, and the classification ...effect was analyzed. In this paper, the research has certain reference value to ancient ceramics cultural relic identification.
We explore aspects of essay writing requiring high-level organizational capacity and executive function. The literature supports the approach that specific and focused writing-skill mastery leads to ...reduced anxiety and increased self-efficacy which correlates with improved writing skills. Although essay writing is a complex multi-dimensional task, two particular strategies, tree-diagram and reference methods, specifically address the organizational skills characteristic of executive function. The tree and reference methods presented in this paper address the flow of information, not content, and consequently, the methods presented in this paper apply to mathematics and English as well as to K-12 and college level.
The authors of the present work offer the developed model of suggesting solutions to structural, technological and safety problems based on the use of a tree diagram as a tool for decision analysis ...and visualization. The model is aimed at integrating solutions worked out in the considered areas into a single variant as a research object. A multi-stage decision model reflecting a set of the available combinations of alternatives is developed. The branches of the tree diagram are interlinked based on the inherent relations between building structures, technologies and work safety. The interaction and interrelationship between the criteria describing the above issues affect each criterion in a very specific way. The performance of the system allows the authors to evaluate the effect of each criterion and its interaction with other criteria, which in turn helps with choosing appropriate solutions to solving structural, technological and safety problems. Santrauka Šiame darbe autoriai sukūrė konstrukcinių, technologinių ir saugos sprendimų modelį, taikydami sprendimų analizės ir vizualizavimo įrankį – sprendimų medį. Pagrindinė šio modelio paskirtis – sujungti trijų sričių sprendimus į vieną bendrą nagrinėjamą variantą. Sukurtas daugiapakopis sprendimo modelis, vaizduojantis galimų alternatyvių derinių aibę. Sprendimų medžio šakos tarpusavyje sujungiamos remiantis esamu konstrukcijų, technologijų ir darbų saugos neatsiejamu ryšiu. Veiksnių sąveikos ir susijungimas turi unikalią įtaką kiekvienam veiksniui. Sistemos veikimas leidžia įvertinti kiekvieno rodiklio sąveikos poveikius, o tai padeda užtikrinti tinkamą konstrukcinių, technologinių ir saugos sprendimų pasirinkimą, sudaro prielaidą įgyvendinti statybos projektus išsaugant žmogaus gyvybę ir užkertant kelią galimiems sveikatos sutrikdymams.
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The authors of the present work offer the developed model of suggesting solutions to structural, technological and safety problems based on the use of a tree diagram as a tool for decision analysis ...and visualization. The model is aimed at integrating solutions worked out in the considered areas into a single variant as a research object. A multi-stage decision model reflecting a set of the available combinations of alternatives is developed. The branches of the tree diagram are interlinked based on the inherent relations between building structures, technologies and work safety. The interaction and interrelationship between the criteria describing the above issues affect each criterion in a very specific way. The performance of the system allows the authors to evaluate the effect of each criterion and its interaction with other criteria, which in turn helps with choosing appropriate solutions to solving structural, technological and safety problems.
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