International lecturers and academics address issues centred on the fundamental role played by the urban centres and port poles of Adriatic Puglia and the Tyrrhenian Sea in ancient and modern history ...for the development of Mediterranean civilization. The common denominator of the themes tackled is therefore the urban historical landscape, outlined through the gaze of the most varied disciplines - from the history of art, architecture and the city to urban historical iconography and cartography, from archaeology to economic history, to that of building materials and their technological and chromatic use - drawing on many, and in more than one case unpublished, documentary and iconographic sources. A contribution of ideas in the common objective of knowledge and enhancement of the landscape, urban and architectural environment of those historic centers within the current debate on the fate of cultural heritage in Italy. For the territory of Gallipoli and Salento, a valuable tool for the identification of the most appropriate strategies for the exploitation of its recognized beauty, not separated from traditional hospitality.
The great reimagining Hocking, Bree T
2015., 20150115, 2015, 2015-03-03, Volume:
4
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While sectarian violence has greatly diminished on the streets of Belfast and Derry, proxy battles over the right to define Northern Ireland's identity through its new symbolic landscapes continue. ...Offering a detailed ethnographic account of Northern Ireland's post-conflict visual transformation, this book examines the official effort to produce new civic images against a backdrop of ongoing political and social struggle. Interviews with politicians, policymakers, community leaders, cultural workers, and residents shed light on the deeply contested nature of seemingly harmonized urban landscapes in societies undergoing radical structural change. Here, the public art process serves as a vital means to understanding the wider politics of a transforming public sphere in an age of globalization and transnational connectivity.
In 2011, UNESCO adopted the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) recommendation and called for the application of a landscape approach to ensure the integration of cultural heritage policies and management ...concerns in the wider goals of sustainable urban development. This paper tracks the genesis of a landscape approach to heritage conservation, and then presents a systematic review of the literature on the HUL. More than 100 publications from 2010 to early 2018 were analysed. The applied methodology combined an inductive categorization method with a deductive data mining method. The objective is to determine whether the academic discussion is addressing the different dimensions of the HUL approach, including the holistic, integrated, and value-based dimensions, and whether it is progressing through time to move from a conceptual to an operational level. Results show that while the discussion is heavily focused on values, the operationalization of a value-based approach is still lacking, as it is not fully contextualized in relation to local heritage discourses and the dynamics of heritage governance. Results also show that many case studies applications are in 'non-Western' cities, thus opening the debate about the accountability of a value-based approach in contexts that tend to be dominated by groups with the most political power, and where conservation practices mainly focus on the mobilization of material heritage to foster its economic value. Nevertheless, the transition from international guidelines to contextualized local endeavours and policies remains a challenge to be solved.
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The work of landscape architecture firm Hargreaves Associates is globally renowned, from the 21st Century Waterfront in Chattanooga, Tennessee, to London's 2012 Olympic Park. Founded by George ...Hargreaves in 1983, this team of designers has transformed numerous abandoned sites into topographically and functionally diverse landscapes. Hargreaves Associates' body of work reflects the socioeconomic and legislative changes that have impacted landscape architecture over the past three decades, particularly the availability of former industrial sites and their subsequent redevelopment into parks. The firm's longstanding interest in such projects brings it into frequent contact with the communities and local authorities who use and live in these built environments, which tend to be contested grounds owing to the conflicting claims of the populations and municipalities that use and manage them. As microcosms of contemporary political, social, and economic terrains, these designed spaces signify larger issues in urban redevelopment and landscape design.
The first scholarly examination of the firm's philosophy and body of work,Uneartheduses Hargreaves Associates' portfolio to illustrate the key challenges and opportunities of designing today's public spaces. Illustrated with more than one hundred and fifty color and black-and-white images, this study explores the methods behind canonical Hargreaves Associates sites, such as San Francisco's Crissy Field, Sydney Olympic Park, and the Louisville Waterfront Park. M'Closkey outlines how Hargreaves and his longtime associate Mary Margaret Jones approach the design of public places-conceptually, materially, and formally-on sites that require significant remaking in order to support a greater range of ecological and social needs.
This study was initiated in the context of the initiative for the restoration and expansion of the northern and northeastern vegetation barrier of the Romulus Vuia National Ethnographic Park. The aim ...of the study is to justify the need for the expansion and restoration of the vegetation barrier by investigating historical data regarding its structure, the current situation of existing trees, assessing the surrounding landscape, and analyzing the ecological, social, and economic benefits brought about by an increased presence of trees in a territory. To assess the current and potential scenarios of tree coverage and associated benefits, the online tool i-Tree Canopy is integrated, quantifying ecosystem functions, including economic and pollution sequestration perspectives. This tool is used in scientific research for evaluating vegetation coverage and other land cover classes, given its efficiency in facilitating assessments using aerial imagery. Two areas were considered: Zone 1 (Tetarom Industrial Park + National Ethnographic Museum Park) and Zone 2 (Tetarom Industrial Park) - analyzing 1000 points for Zone 1 and 500 points for Zone 2. The conclusions indicate that i-Tree Canopy plays a significant role in studies related to vegetation coverage and land use in urban environments. The use of i-Tree Canopy contributes significantly to the sustainable management of green spaces and provides relevant data regarding the environmental benefits brought by a potential development of the vegetation barrier in the studied area.
•ResNet50 model is implemented to measure human perception of urban landscape.•Highly urbanized area is perceivably secure, vital, but depressing.•Human perception varies substantially across ...different land-use types.•Mixed land use within a walkable distance could improve overall perception.
Human perception of urban landscape, which signifies to what extent urban landscape is appreciated by local dwellers, informs human-oriented policies that reinforce public participation. Yet, conventional studies on human perception of urban landscape are largely dependent on individual experience, which may restrict the co-production of knowledge that can be operationalized across spatial scales and sectors. In this study, we mapped human perception of urban landscape in Shanghai by leveraging an advanced deep-learning approach and street-view images. Specifically, the ResNet50 model was employed to map four critical perceptions, i.e., security, depression, vitality, and aesthetic, at parcel level. We further explored the relationship between human perception and land-use types. Our results show that highly urbanized area (Puxi district encompassed by the Inner Ring Road) is perceived as more secure and vital, but more depressing. Besides, human perception varies substantially across different land-use types, among which administrative and service land is favored with regard to all the four perception types. This study advances our understanding of urban landscape through the lens of human perception, and provides nuanced insights into steering human settlement towards sustainability by strategically promoting mixed land use.
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•There exists a contrasting trend in water content response between seasons.•Water content in vegetated soil is higher than in a bare soil during autumn.•Low soil temperature could inhibit root water ...uptake ability.•Root-water uptake is overestimated when soil temperature is ignored.
Presence of vegetation in urban landscape influences soil temperature and soil moisture. Some studies in literature have focused on development of correlations between the above two parameters for agricultural fields and forest regions. These correlations could be dissimilar due to the differences in soil conditions (density and type), vegetation species and temperature between agricultural and urban landscape. This paper investigates the effects of vegetation on soil temperature and soil moisture by an integrated approach of field monitoring and numerical modelling. A simple hydrological model is developed to capture seasonal variations of surface soil temperature and its effect on root water uptake. Hypothesis of effects of soil temperature on root water uptake was investigated using field measurements of soil water content. Field site in urban landscape containing bare, grass and tree species were selected for investigation. There existed a contrasting trend in water content response between summer and autumn for both bare and vegetated soils. Due to higher evapotranspiration in summer, water content in vegetated soils were lower by up to 50%. However, water content in vegetated soil was found to be up to 70% higher than in a bare soil during autumn. It could be due to the lower soil temperature that inhibits root water uptake ability. This was verified using a series of numerical simulations that consider effects of soil temperature on root water uptake. Without considering soil temperature effects on root water uptake, there was an overestimation of reduction of soil water content by up to 50% in autumn period.
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•We quantified park visitors’ positive emotions using social media data and sentiment analysis.•Both park type and landscape attributes matter to the positive emotions of visitors.•We identified key ...characteristics of urban parks affecting visitors’ positive emotions.•Multi-sorce social media data and machine learning can facilitate urban sentiment studies.
Improving the positive emotions of urban populations is essential for meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of “good health and well-being” and “sustainable cities and communities”. Urban parks generally may enhance people's positive sentiments, but little is known about explicitly linking the landscape composition and configuration of urban parks directly with visitors' sentiments based on social media data. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to identify key landscape attributes that influence this relationship in the Beijing metropolitan region. We first crawled 55,441 valid text data items from Sina Weibo for 99 urban parks within the fifth ring road of Beijing. Then, we quantified the positive emotions of visitors to urban parks using social media data and sentiment analysis. Finally, we evaluated the differences in visitors' positive emotions among different types of parks and used Random Forest to identify urban park attributes that were correlated with positive emotions. We found that visitors to different types of urban parks had different levels of positive emotions. Specifically, visitors to comprehensive parks and cultural relics parks were significantly happier than visitors to community parks. Visitors to parks between the third and fourth ring roads in Beijing had the lowest levels of positive emotions. Positive emotions were found to be positively correlated with park size and the mean size of water bodies but negatively correlated with large areas of impervious surfaces. This study sheds new light on the relationship between park landscape patterns and visitors' positive emotions through a new approach based on social media data. The research methods and findings may inspire similar studies in other cities and countries, which are needed to improve park planning and management and thus enhance urban sustainability.
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Since the Paris Agreement, European member countries have been committed to mitigating climate change and adapting to its effects. Climate action planning allows cities to organize their approach. It ...is critical to ensure that investments in infrastructure and services have a low-carbon impact and consider likely climate change perspectives. The output of this process is the climate action plan (CAP): one or more documents where a city sets out its roadmap to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen climate resilience throughout the community. Many cities have already developed and published a Paris Agreement-compatible CAP. The quality and compliance of these plans will also influence the achievement of the goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2015). Thus, cities are crucial players in global climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, and how they engage in climate policy is currently under debate. The paper is intended to support technological design, selecting good practices from the latest and most complete ones for climate mitigation and adaptation in urban settings. In particular, the paper focuses on public space and built environment regeneration actions that can tangibly contribute to the global climate resilience movement. Considering the operational difficulty that could arise in planning climate adaptation measures in historical urban contexts, the study critically analyzes current strategies in sedimented landscape realities of high cultural-historical value. The goal is to draw from them a cognitive and expeditious method of intervention that can be reiterated for similar contexts and is compatible with the consistency and value of urban and built heritage. The theme is timely and falls into Sustainable Development Goals No. 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and No. 13 (climate action).
•The paper analyses the most recent studies and scientific papers on climate action plans.•Good practices for climate mitigation and adaptation in urban settings are critically investigated.•The study analyses current strategies in sedimented landscape realities of high historical and cultural value.•A toolkit is proposed that can be repurposed for similar contexts.
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Extend abstractAbstractThe rapid growth of population could have negative consequences for urban life in urban areas and has caused unfavorable development of cities. With expansive growth of cities, ...their shapes, forms, and structures have been disrupted. The city entrance has an important role, which has changed over time. In the process of changing, the city entrance has got a new form. Its concept can be understood by having a look in its past and structure. The city entrance plays an important role in creating its general image in the human mind. However, it seems that the entrance structures of of today's cities consist of empty buildings and abandoned lands, which not only could not respond to the need for action, but also lack the identity and function of connection between the two different spaces, with the edges unfavorable to the city. The aim of this study was to identify the effective factors in improving the quality of city entrances. In terms of purpose, this research was an applied one with a descriptive cross-sectional method and quantitative data based on nature. Also, it was a survey research in terms of how it was conducted. Based on people's opinions, the results of this study showed that the variables of environment and green space, traffic, and facilities and furniture were more preferred. The integration of general and specialized perception approaches in landscape management processes could contribute to the development of urban landscape. Finally, it can be said that the resulting environment could be better accepted and satisfied by people if their demands are taken into account for designing urban landscapes.Keywords: city Entrances,";"urban landscape";"Saqqez";"environmental quality IntroductionA city is a spatial landscape in which achieving a healthy environment is considered. Human destiny is determined not in the countryside, but in cities. This shows the unrivaled role and importance of cities in the life of human society. Accordingly, the world has rapidly turned into urbanization. Public spaces in cities and their attractions can change human behaviors and play an important role in creating human culture (Muzaffar et al., 2016: 74) Social, economic, cultural, and political developments resulting from the modernization of human life in urban spaces have affected each region and area. The uncontrolled growth of urban population and lack of an appropriate and optimal model of urban growth leading cities towards industrialization have doubled urban problems and challenges. Migration to cities and increasing urban population have fueled these challenges. Currently, 54% of the world's population lives in cities and it is predicted that this figure will reach about 66% by 2050 (Girma et al., 2019: 139). Studies also show that world's population has increased by 423% from 1950 to 2014 (Kim et al., 2017: 82). City entrance is one of its most attractive parts providing one of its most influential memories. It should have a special identity and characteristics in order to be distinguished from other cities. It should also have certain environmental qualities to meet the audience’s needs (Habibi et al., 2019: 5). In terms of function, this space usually faces a disproportionate distribution of actions, activities, and uses, which are very effective in enhancing the environmental quality of field performance. Today, reduction of quality indicators in urban public spaces is one of the problems that cities have faced. Since the city entrance space is one of the urban spaces and is located in the middle of city with its physical development, paying attention to the concept of entrance and environmental quality needs special attention regarding the urban space. Urban spaces are important in human life activities and affect people’s life quality. However, development of urban space management strategies by experts and paying attention to people's perceptions of urban spaces are often overlooked (Dupont et al., 2015: 68). Therefore, in planning and managing public spaces, it is necessary to pay attention to the users’ perceptions of these spaces (Rossetti et al., 2019: 177). Integrating the specialists and non-specialists’ approaches in the landscape management processes can help improve the quality of urban landscapes (Vouligny et al., 2009: 890). Evidence shows that in Iran, the non-specialists’ views in urban spaces, especially about the entrances of cities, have not been paid attention to. Therefore, this study tried to examine the current situation of Saqqez entrances by considering the factors affecting the qualities of the entrance environments of cities from the perspectives of the indigenous people of Saqqez, travelers, and tourists. Materials & MethodsStudy areaSaqqez City is located to the northwest of Sanandaj City (the province center) with a distance of approximately 190 km. It is situated between the north latitudes of 36◦ 13' and 36◦ 16' minutes and east longitudes of 46◦ 14' and 46◦ 17'. It has got a population of 168.359 and been divided into 22 neighborhoods and 8 districts.Fig. 1. Map of the study area. Questionnaire StructureThe first section of the questionnaire contained demographic information. Before answering the questions, the participants were asked to offer their personal socio-demographic information, including marital status, age, education level, monthly income, and city of residence. Another section of the questionnaire dealt with the independent and dependent variables of the research. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert spectrum with a closed structure. Survey Population and Sample SizeThe statistical population of the present study included the native people of Saqqez, as well as the travelers and tourists, who were present at the city entrances. The respondents were selected from among the clients, who were present at its entrances during the summer of 2019. Also, the residents, employees, travelers, and tourists of this area were randomly selected as the statistical population. Due to the uncertainty of the population size (number of inputs) in this study, the number of sample members was obtained using the Mitra-Langford method. The most relevant formula with a suitable solution was the formula proposed by Mitra and Lankford (1999). This formula significantly prevented errors by reducing the sampling error and increasing the confidence level, while at the same time lowering the non-sampling error. The standard deviation was assumed to be equal to 2.88, resulting in the sampling size of 300 persons:e = √ (P (1-P)/n); P = 50% and e = 2.88% 2.88% = √ (50 %( 1-50%)/n) → n = 300 Discussion of ResultsEvaluation of people's views based on the current situation and factors affecting the qualities of entrance spaces in Saqqez CityThe respondents mostly agreed with the two effective components of the environment and green space (f=247 and 82.4%) and traffic component (f=246 and 82%), respectively. They considered these components as the most important factors in improving the qualities of the entrance environments of cities.The research findings showed that there were different opinions. Most of the respondents (f=136, 45.3%) evaluated the attractiveness and qualities of the entrances of Saqez City to be completely unsatisfactory. Only about 5 percent of respondents assessed the situation to be favorable and completely desirable (f=18.5, 5.5%). The respondents’ general views indicated lack of sufficient utility. This issue highlighted the need for appropriate measures to improve the qualities of the entrances to Saqqez City.People's views on the independent variables based on their demographic characteristics of age and educationIn this section, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ levels of education and age were arranged in 4 categories in the form of sequential variables. According to the variable of education, the value of the chi-square test for the variable of traffic was 9.637. Also, the value of the variable of environment and green space was 9.310, which was significant at the level of 0.05. According to the variable of age, the value of the chi-square test for the visual variable was equal to 7.904, which was significant at the level of 0.05%. Also, the variable of traffic was 13.99, which was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the perspectives of the people with different education levels and ages.The Mann-Whitney test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ marital status and residence in a 2-floor apartment were adjusted in the form of sequential variables. Also, according to the variable of marital status, the variable of traffic was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the people's point of view based on the place of residence and marital status. ConclusionsThe descriptive results of data analysis showed that the entrances of Saqqez City were not of good quality in general because most respondents had an unfavorable viewpoint about this component. The physical design inability of the route to create a situation for public monitoring, the existence of abandoned buildings and barren lands, industrial workshops and repair shops, military uses, the existence of vague and defenseless spaces along the route, and the impossibility of active gathering of people were the reasons. The reason for the alienation of space in areas that had the potential to create green spots fueled this phenomenon. In many places, the green space around the entrances was only visual and inaccessible and along this axis, the poi
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