•Landscape dams increase the evaporation loss ratio by 0–5%.•Landscape dams have greatly impact the local precipitation and groundwater.•The cumulative effect of landscape dams has a great impact on ...local water cycle.
To meet the needs of human recreation and provide community amenities, landscape dams (i.e., water retaining structures for intercepting river water in cities and surrounding areas, which are mainly used to create an urban landscape environment) are built in urban and peri-urban areas worldwide. The construction of these dams, however, may adversely affect the local and regional water cycle. We collected water samples from 2015 to 2019 from different water bodies in urban and peri-urban areas traversing the middle and upper reaches of Shiyang River Basin in the arid area of Central Asia to analyze their isotopic characteristics. Meanwhile, field surveys as well as meteorological, hydrological, and remote-sensing data were added to evaluate the hydrologic effects of urban landscape dams on a watershed scale in an arid region with scarce water resources and fragile ecosystems. Isotopic values of landscape water were more enriched than that of natural river. The result of the evaporation loss ratio showed that the landscape water was 0–5% higher. Moreover, the cumulative effect of multiple landscape dams leads to a great loss of water resources in arid areas. The study also demonstrated that evaporation is a vital factor in causing change in the isotope composition of the landscape water in the Shiyang River Basin. The interaction between surface water and groundwater was frequent within the landscape dam area wherein groundwater was mainly recharged by surface water leakage. Sufficient attention should be given to the evaporation, leakage, local precipitation, and groundwater changes caused by the impoundment of landscape dams. Thus, the potentially adverse effects of urban landscape dams in arid regions should be highly considered in long-term water-resources sustainability planning.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Landscape classification methods significantly impact the exploration of the mechanism of the relationship between landscapes and atmospheric particulate matter. This study compared the local climate ...zones (LCZs) and traditional land use/cover change (LUCC) landscape classification methods in explaining spatial differences in concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and explored the mechanisms involved in how landscape elements affect atmospheric particulate matter. This was done by establishing a PM2.5 and PM10 land use regression (LUR) model of LCZ and LUCC landscapes under low, typical, and high particle concentration gradients in urban and suburban areas. The results show that under an LCZ classification system, the number of patches in the urban area of Shanghai was 548 times higher than that of a LUCC system. Moreover, LCZs were successfully established for LUR models in 12 scenarios, while only five models were established for LUCC, all of which were suburban models. The R2 of the LUR model based on the LCZ landscape and atmospheric particulate matter was mostly higher than that of the LUCC. For unnatural landscapes, the LUCC demonstrated that an urbanized environment positively affects the concentration of atmospheric particles. However, the LCZ analysis found that areas with high-density buildings have a positive effect on atmospheric particles, while most areas with low-density buildings significantly reduced the number of atmospheric particles present. Generally, compared with the traditional LUCC landscape classification method, LCZ integrates Shanghai's physical structure and classifies the urban landscape more accurately, which is closely related to the urban atmospheric particulate matter, especially in the urban area. Because the low-density building area has the same effect on the particulate matter as the natural landscape, the use of low-density buildings is recommended when planning new towns.
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•Analyzed the impact of landscape pattern on PM concentration with 3D attributes.•Compared with LUCC, LCZ classifies the land use types of urban areas more refine.•The distribution of PM was more closely related to LCZ pattern than LUCC.•The LCZ patterns influence the distribution PM2.5 more significantly than PM10•Building height and density, which LUCC did not consider, significantly affect PM.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•We examine mindfulness in urban nature, restoration, and nature connection.•We synthesise mechanisms underpinning mindfulness in nature and positive outcomes.•We identify three mechanisms: ...perceptual sensitivity, decentering, and non-reactivity.•We apply a model of mindful engagement in nature to constrained nature experiences.•Understanding these mechanisms can inform nature experience interventions and design.
Research indicates that heightened individual engagement in nature can improve psychological benefits of nature experiences, yet the current literature lacks robust consideration for how this occurs. Constrained nature experiences – such as busy, noisy urban environments – may undermine individual capacities to engage with nature, prompting the question of how engagement functions across different nature experiences. To address this gap, we draw on mindfulness as a framework to examine the pathways in which engagement in nature supports psychological restoration and connection with nature. We appraise existing literature and identify three key mechanisms underpinning mindful engagement in nature: perceptual sensitivity, decentering, and non-reactivity. This new framework provides a basis to examine mindful engagement in constrained nature experiences, where we find that the self-regulatory mechanisms of mindful engagement have a more direct role in supporting outcomes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
There have been limited efforts in using collective memory in representing public spaces and implementing urban renewal projects to maintain uniqueness. This article aims to investigate the role of ...urban landscape in shaping memories and proposes recommendations that reinforce urban landscape identity. This article postulates that a city’s individual and collective memory is important in maintaining its uniqueness in terms of urban landscape identity. A qualitative research design was adopted. Photo elicitation interviews (PEI) were used to investigate the features that triggered memory of the participants and were important in contributing to the image of Kisumu City. There were ongoing and completed urban renewal projects within Kisumu City, Kenya at the time of the study. 12 PEI participants were purposively selected in addition to four officials from the County Government as key informants and four professionals were interviewed. Field investigation by the researcher was carried out through mapping and photography. The study revealed that the old railway station as human-made element was instrumental in memory through historical development while socio-cultural activities at Kisumu Sports Grounds and social interaction at public Central Square were also highly regarded in memory development. Despite the important interplay of natural, human-made and social interactions in the formation of memory, place and identity, there was also a very positive response from residents on the new look of the city. The physical upgrade and cleaning of the city and its public spaces, which also means greater safety, was well appreciated from a socio-economic point of view.
Progressing urbanisation is contributing to the changes of vertical and horizontal landscape structure. The aim of this paper is to investigate the spatial regularities of changes in the landscape ...pattern that resulted from the urbanisation processes in Wrocław (Poland) between 1994 and 2020. The research area is an example of a post-socialist city characterized by fluctuating spatial processes, especially after the economic and political transformation of the year 1989. In the empirical part, authors have analysed the changes in the number of buildings and the structure of land cover using methods of spatial analysis in a GIS environment, with a particular focus on landscape metrics. The results show two main trends in landscape changes within the city boundaries, which the authors refer to as expansion and transformation. These processes were related to various driving forces and their intensity depended on analysed sub-periods and distance from the city centre. Expansion and transformation are mainly exhibited by an increase in developed area at the cost of the decline of natural and open areas (especially agricultural lands) and densification in central areas.
•Over the past three decades, the structure of landscape pattern in Wrocław has been rapidly changed.•Changes in urban landscape pattern resulted from different driving forces and their dynamics varied over time and space•Expansion and transformation were the key driving processes of landscape changes in Wrocław.•Residential developments in city's peripheries led to expansion and services developments in the centre – to transformation•The inner peripheries, zone and island-like developments have been identified within city’s administrative boundaries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing has great potential for vegetation mapping in complex urban landscapes due to the ultra-high resolution imagery acquired at low altitudes. Because of ...payload capacity restrictions, off-the-shelf digital cameras are widely used on medium and small sized UAVs. The limitation of low spectral resolution in digital cameras for vegetation mapping can be reduced by incorporating texture features and robust classifiers. Random Forest has been widely used in satellite remote sensing applications, but its usage in UAV image classification has not been well documented. The objectives of this paper were to propose a hybrid method using Random Forest and texture analysis to accurately differentiate land covers of urban vegetated areas, and analyze how classification accuracy changes with texture window size. Six least correlated second-order texture measures were calculated at nine different window sizes and added to original Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images as ancillary data. A Random Forest classifier consisting of 200 decision trees was used for classification in the spectral-textural feature space. Results indicated the following: (1) Random Forest outperformed traditional Maximum Likelihood classifier and showed similar performance to object-based image analysis in urban vegetation classification; (2) the inclusion of texture features improved classification accuracy significantly; (3) classification accuracy followed an inverted U relationship with texture window size. The results demonstrate that UAV provides an efficient and ideal platform for urban vegetation mapping. The hybrid method proposed in this paper shows good performance in differentiating urban vegetation mapping. The drawbacks of off-the-shelf digital cameras can be reduced by adopting Random Forest and texture analysis at the same time.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Urban buildings and their three-dimensional (3D) morphologies play important roles in influencing urban climates and the diffusion of air pollutants. Previous studies on the 3D morphologies of urban ...buildings were mainly conducted within cities due to limited data, and we still lack an understanding of their features among cities, especially along urban-rural gradients. Here, we analyzed the urban-rural gradients of the 3D morphologies of buildings for 91 cities in China by using two groups of morphologic indicators and the concentric buffer method. Then, we used a hierarchical clustering method based on dynamic time warping to classify the gradients. Our results showed that >75 % of grids have a mean height of 9 m to 16 m, and their building coverage ranged from 20 % to 60 %. The gradients of five morphology indicators could be clustered to 9 patterns, and the dominant urban-rural gradient having the average height and building coverage decreasing over distance. This study provided a methodological framework for the quantitative analysis of the urban-rural gradient of the 3D morphologies of urban buildings, and can provide information on mitigate city-scale climate issues.
•Two groups of aggregated indicators were used to examine 3D morphologies along urban-rural gradients.•The gradients of morphologies manifested as a declining trend of height and an increasing variation of height and building coverage.•The dynamic time warping can be used to conduct the clustering of series form data with different sizes.•The urban-rural gradients of morphologies can provide supplementary information on mitigate city-scale climate issues.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Magenta Lilly Pilly tree (Syzygium paniculatum Gaertn) has been introduced and extensively planted throughout the city of Bogotá, Colombia. This species is considered threatened or vulnerable in ...Australia. This paper describes seven principal BBCH stages, namely, bud development, leaf development, shoot development, flower emergence, flowering, fruit development and maturity of fruit and seed. Trees produced flowers, fruits, vegetative flushes and resting buds in about 20% of the canopy throughout the year. About 40% to 50% of the canopy showed two mass flowering and fruiting events yearly. Magenta trees provided important ecosystem services such as pollination, perching sites, and food for birds. Magenta offers a constant supply of nectar and pollen for bees from the urban forest. Honeybees were the only insects observed visiting the fully open flowers (BBCH 67). The constant production of fruits and two mass annual fruiting events are important ecosystem service. The Great Thrush (Turdus fuscater), a native bird, fed on the ripe fruit (BBCH 89). The BBCH scale is key to study ecological associations and also the benefits the trees deliver to the urban forest.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
In 1982, residents of Liverpool pulled a statue of William Huskisson from its plinth. Today, a plaque at the site states that the sculpture was removed by "activists offended at Huskisson's role in ...supporting slavery." Less than a mile away, however, one finds Huskisson's effigy, reerected, with no reference to slavery. This article traces the history of the rise, fall and rise of the Huskisson statue in order to examine how collective memory shapes the urban landscape and informs local communities' interaction with it. It also reflects on the nature of memory conflicts and the processing of unresolved events in the past.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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