In this short note, I discuss the text of Menaechmi 497, where I argue for adopting A's pol and propose the conjecture iam for eam, and Truculentus 311-312, where I argue for adopting P's exportatur ...and propose bibitis for ebibitis. I argue that a proper understanding of the distinction between prefixed comesse (with a "perfectivizing" com-) and uncompounded esse is crucial to understanding these passages. I also discuss the rare verb exunguo and argue that both occurrences in Plautus are from an active verb which is being used reflexively (and not as a transitive deponent as often assumed).
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This study considers an approach to alternations in which constructions are understood as non-binary choices between non-discrete usage patterns. To these ends, it seeks to develop usage-based ...methods for the identification and description of constructions without presupposing their level of formal granularity. Instead of deciding a priori what level of granularity is best for making generalizations about grammatical structure, the study aims to integrate the dimension of taxonomic variation into the analysis by treating constructions as combinatory emergent patterns, rather than predetermined discrete objects. Using the behavioural profile approach, we examine a 12-way lexico-constructional choice in Polish arising from the combinatory possibilities of three paradigmatic relations: grammatical aspect (perfective vs. imperfective); grammatical prefix (
,
,
); and predicate choice from the semantic frame of “stuff-fill” (-
/-
‘push’, -
/-
‘fill’). We analyse the combinations in a sample of 765 examples extracted from the National Corpus of Polish. The results reveal patterns in the use of the prefix-aspect-verb composites, interpretable as speaker choice, and show how those combinatory patterns can be accounted for without the need for positing discrete alternations. Furthermore, although only exploratory, such results call into question the descriptive validity of the traditional grammatical alternation.
Based on the analysis of the texts collected in the 1930s in Latvia and Estonia, this paper provides a description of the semantics of the verbal modifiers, i.e., prefixes (preverbs) and particles, ...in Latvian Romani. The system of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani is an innovation evolved under Slavic and Baltic influence. Most preverbs are instances of MAT-borrowing from Slavic and Baltic, whereas verb particles are a PATborrowing, modelled after the Latvian system. The paper argues that even preverbs of Slavic origin often copy the semantics and derivational patterns of Latvian prefixed verbs. It is also shown that, differently from Latvian, in Romani both preverbs and verb particles can affect the verb’s argument structure (e.g., by making it transitive) and change its aspectual value (e.g., by making it perfective). Finally, the distribution of verbal modifiers in Latvian Romani (the development of verb particles as opposed to other closely related Northeastern Romani dialects which only have prefixes, and higher frequency of verb particles in Estonia than in Latvia) confirms the areal cline in the spread of verb particles.
This is a comparative study of the verbal prefix do- in two South Slavic languages, Bulgarian (Blg.) and Croatian (Cro.). Although these two languages show many similarities in the meaning of the ...verb stems and prefixation patterns, there are some unusual differences that may confuse foreign learners of Slavic, who expect identical or similar base verbs to combine with the same prefixes. The cognitive linguistics framework allows us to approach these differences systematically. We apply it to two databases of Blg. and Cro. prefixed verbs developed for the purposes of this research and extracted from reference books, dictionaries, and online corpora. We systematise do- verbs in a semantic network and account for both the overlapping meaning categories and the differences between the two languages studied, taking into consideration prefixes semantically similar to do- that combine with the same base verbs to form near-synonyms of do- verbs. We point to prefix variation as ensuing from different perspectives on the same event.
The use of an elaborate system of co-verbial constructions is the hallmark of the Hungarian language and one of the biggest challenges a translator or a learner of this language has to face. ...Co-verbial constructions consist of verbs, or their derivates, accompanied by a limited number of prefixes or particles that modify their meanings. They not only perform numerous syntactic and lexical functions, which is important in terms of language production, but also are able to change the meaning of the verb completely. The aim of this study is to trace the cognitive motivation behind the use of Hungarian co-verbial constructions with
and to show that the meanings developed by these constructions can be organized with reference to prototypical scenes structured in the form of a radial category.
The article explore how metaphoricity is expressed through the multimodal metaphors produced by a German-native-speaker teacher and Brazilian learners of German as a Foreign Language when discussing ...possible metaphorical meanings of the preposition and verbal prefix über. The lesson, which was taught for undergraduates at a Brazilian university, was videotaped. The interactions were transcribed using the conventions GAT 2 and gestures were described based on Cienki (2010). Based on the concepts of Conceptual Fluency by Danesi (1995) as well as the dynamic aspects of metaphoricity by Müller and Cienki (2009), the analysis revealed how metaphor thinking is indeed embodied and how such embodiment can be explored in the classroom.
The article is connected to the project “DiAsPol250” in which Polish is compared to Czech and Russian from the perspective of the evolution of their aspect systems (http://www.diaspol.uw.edu. pl/). ...We make use of existing synchronic and diachronic electronic corpora and are building a corpus of our own with annotated aspect pairs; we also create a database of aspect triplets whose role we consider as particularly important for the system. We want to assess which changes have occurred since the mid-18th century in prefixing and suffixing strategies of verb stems, both in general and by comparing particular prefixes and suffixes, especially so-called natural (vs. specialized) prefixes (according to Janda et al., 2013).
The article supplies a sketch of the general premises of the project, and it summarizes our experience with existing large corpora and databases which we have been employing. We also present a case study in order to demonstrate a procedure designed to compare the distribution of the Czech prefix z- in triplets and in the corpus. This procedure is meant to check more general tendencies; it also illustrates why electronic corpora cannot be replaced in research on distributional properties and why their role does not consist simply in providing examples for the illustration of hypotheses.
Введение. Представлено исследование функционально-семантического своеобразия русских глагольных префиксов на примере приставки ПРЕД- и глагола предвидеть. Материал и методы. Анализ смыслового ...содержания префикса ПРЕД- основан на данных лексикографических источников, описание его функционального своеобразия выполнено на материале Национального корпуса русского языка. Исследование построено на положениях, разработанных в рамках грамматических и дериватологических исследований русского глагола. В качестве основных теоретических установок приняты следующие: основная функция русских глагольных приставок – словообразовательная, приставка призвана модифицировать значение исходного глагола; в отличие от суффикса, приставка характеризуется большей структурной и смысловой автономностью, имеет способность выступать в качестве своеобразного стилистического маркера глагольной единицы. Результаты и обсуждение. Исходя из принятых установок исследования, высказана мысль о том, что некоторые из русских префиксов способны «программировать» глагольную единицу на ее использование в определенной речевой практике, так как значение префикса (и значение глаголов с данным префиксом в целом) отвечает коммуникативным интенциям данной дискурсивной практики. На основе проведенного анализа значений русских глагольных приставок выделены приставки с указанной способностью, ярким представителем которых является префикс ПРЕД- в проспективном значении – «заранее совершить (или совершать) действие». Охарактеризованы значения приставки в старославянском и современном русском языках, рассмотрен словообразовательный тип глаголов с ПРЕД-, частотность их употребления. С учетом старославянского происхождения исследуемого префикса и общей закрепленностью некоторых глаголов с ПРЕД- за религиозным дискурсом сформулирована рабочая гипотеза о том, что глаголы с ПРЕД- реализуются в церковно-богословской сфере функционирования, а также в других функциональных сферах, для которых характерно использование в соответствии с тематикой текстов единиц с проспективной семантикой. Анализ контекстов с глаголом предвидеть (на фоне контекстов с видеть) частично подтвердил выдвинутую гипотезу, продемонстрировав преимущественное использование приставочного глагола в текстах учебно-научной, художественной и публицистической функциональных сфер с тематикой «Политика и общественная жизнь», «Наука и технология», «Искусство и культура» и незначительный процент реализации глагола в церковно-богословской сфере. Заключение. Обращение к данным Национального корпуса русского языка позволило выявить спектр дискурсивных реализаций глагола с приставкой ПРЕД- на современном этапе; подтвердило наличие определенной корреляции между значением префикса и функциональной сферой и тематикой текста, в котором реализуется приставочный глагол; продемонстрировало необходимость дальнейшего изучения функциональных особенностей русских глагольных префиксов на материале корпусных данных.
Teaching verbal prefixation in the context of Croatian as a second language (CL2) has been receiving an increasing amount of attention recently, and one of the questions which has come up has to do ...with the order in which verbal prefixation should be taught for the teaching to be more effective. To answer this question, this research, conducted among CL2 learners at the B2 and C1 levels of language proficiency, tests the hypothesis that an understanding of the meaning of a verbal prefix is strongly supported by understanding the meaning of its cognate preposition and directly related to whether a verbal prefix co-occurs with its cognate preposition when a prefixed verb is used in a sentence. Based on the research results conclusions were drawn on the order in which the teaching of verbal prefixation in the CL2 classroom should progress.
Aims and Research Questions:
This paper describes the repetitive prefix in Agul (Lezgic, East Caucasian), focusing on the grammaticalization path of this morpheme. The main question to be addressed ...is the hypothesis that the prefix has been copied from the closely related Lezgian language.
Approach, Data and Analysis:
Firstly, I provide a detailed description of the morphology and semantics of the repetitive prefix (‘again’, ‘back’) in comparison to the system of locative prefixes in Agul, showing that despite the formal similarity with the ‘post’-localization prefix (meaning ‘behind’), the repetitive prefix is distinct both functionally and paradigmatically. I then compare the repetitive and ‘post’-prefix in Agul with their counterparts in Lezgian and other Lezgic languages.
Findings/Conclusions:
While the relation of the meaning ‘behind’ to ‘again’ is cross-linguistically common, the development of a special repetitive prefix in Agul is only attested in the two southern dialects, whose speakers have been in long-term contact with Lezgian – a language that possesses a productive repetitive prefix/infix. It is thus natural to assume that the Agul prefix has a contact-induced origin. I also show that this is not the only grammatical phenomenon of southern Agul that has been influenced by Lezgian.
Originality and Significance:
The morphological properties and functions of the repetitive prefix in Agul have not been described in detail before. The conclusion that this prefix is a morphological copy is remarkable, because Lezgian is one of the two languages most closely genetically related to Agul, and also because the borrowing of the prefix has led to the emergence of affixal ‘etymological doublets’ in Agul.
Limitations:
It remains to be investigated to what extent ‘post’-prefixes in other Lezgic languages show signs of grammaticalization towards repetitive prefixes, and also whether the two markers can become paradigmatically distinct, as with Agul.
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