In this paper we focus our attention on Croatian spatial prepositions and prefixes. Observing things from the cognitive linguistic perspective, we analyse the patterns of usage of the type prefixed ...motion verb + prepositional phrase (PP), where the prefix and the preposition have the same lexical form (e.g. pretrčati preko ceste). In order to try and distinguish the semantic components lexicalized by the prefix vs. those lexicalized by the preposition, we briefly review the results of two studies in which we elicited the Croatian native speakers’ intuitions relative to the semantic interpretation of sentences which allow for an alternation between the prefixed verb plus PP vs. prefixed verb plus direct object (e.g. pretrčati preko ceste vs. pretrčati cestu). The results seem to suggest that the spatial information (primarily relative to Path) in the above pattern is lexicalized by the preposition, whereas the prefix bears little – if any – burden of expressing spatial meanings.
This article deals with some issues related to the semantics of verbal prefixation. The analysis is based on the use of the terms "empty prefix" and "semantically empty prefix," which are frequently ...found in scholarship dealing with the Slavic languages and in handbooks describing these languages. Discussing this term and its (near) synonyms from different points of view and examining its usage contexts the article explores general issues related to research on verbal prefixes and their classification into various formal and semantic groups. Some suggestions are offered on how to overcome difficulties in prefix research and its practical application. Adapted from the source document
This paper argues that Old Japanese (eighth century) had split alignment, with nominative-accusative alignment in main clauses and active alignment in nominalized clauses. The main arguments for ...active alignment in nominalized clause come from ga-marking of active subjects and the distribution of two verbal prefixes: i-for active predicates and sa-for inactive predicates (cf. Yanagida, In: Hasegawa (ed.) Nihongo no shubun genshô Main clause phenomena in Japanese, 2007b). We review the treatment of non-accusative alignment and argue that active alignment should be analyzed as as a distinct type. We propose a formal analysis of active alignment in nominalized clauses in Old Japanese. The external argument is assigned inherent case, spelled out as ga, in situ in Spec, v. Object arguments are licensed by several distinct mechanisms, including incorporation (Yanagida, In: Miyamoto (ed.) MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 2007a) and case assignment by a functional head above vP. The latter accounts for the distinctive O wo S ga V word order of OJ nominalized clauses noted by Yanagida (J. of East Asian Linguistics, 2006). Inability to assign object case is a property of nominal v, as proposed by Miyagawa (Structure and case marking in Japanese. Syntax and Semantics, vol. 22, 1989). We discuss the diachronic origins of the OJ active alignment system and point out that it exemplifies a cross-linguistically attested pattern of non-accusative alignment in clauses that originate from nominalizations.
In this paper I analyze verb-locative constructions in Romance. Even though not allowed in standard Romance languages, which have maintained and codified the classical Latin prefix system, these ...constructions are widely attested in non standard varieties, that are scarcely (or not at all) regularized. In this paper I deal in particular with a northern Italian variety, Trentino, where locatives, combining with some classes of verbs (unaccusative verbs and transitive activity verbs) can express not only concrete direction and metaphorical direction, but also aspect (the result of an activity or the progress of a process); in other words, they can express an abstract, more grammaticalized feature of direction. In fact, Trentino verb-locative constructions can express a specific phase of the development of an event, often the result (end-point) of an activity, or the start-point, or the progress, or the intensity of the activity itself. I argue that in Trentino (and in other similar dialectal varieties) locatives can function as grammatical markers both for arguments (in combination with motion verbs) and for aspect (in combination with verbs involving the feature of an abstract path). In a more general context, I note that locatives in combination of verbs function as goal/result markers in those varieties that tend to spell out markers of functional elements, frequently generating a repetition (doubling) of the same feature. Finally, I compare Romance and Germanic constructions, noting that diachronic, grammatical and typological differences (with particular reference to Talmy's distinction between verb-framed languages and satellite languages) confirm the independence of Romance verb-locative constructions.
I survey cases of contact-induced influence of Slavic and Baltic systems of prefixal perfectivization on Yiddish, Romani, Livonian and Istroromanian. I show that, although both matter and pattern ...borrowing of entire systems of Slavic or Baltic verbal prefixes is attested, grammatical aspectual categories similar to those of the donor languages do not arise in the contact languages, or develop in a way distinct from the donor languages (as in Istroromanian). This indicates that abstract grammatical oppositions such as “Slavic-style” aspect are immune to direct transfer in language contact.
The term preverb stacking (PS) designates the co-occurrence on one verbal base of two or more prefixes bearing spatial, aspectual, or quantificational meanings. The phenomenon is especially ...productive in Slavic but is also attested in other Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages. This paper provides a first attempt at a cross-linguistic typology of PS. It will also pay attention to problems typical of Slavic (i.e. the interaction of PS and the aspectual value of the verb in terms of the typical Slavic perfective vs. imperfective dichotomy). Special attention will be paid to Bulgarian.
Ovaj se rad bavi pitanjem negacije kroz analizu dvaju obilježivača, glagolskih prefiksa over- i out-, koji nemaju inherentno niječno značenje, ali koji se ponašaju kao niječno orijentirani ...obilježivači. Kroz primjenu pristupa usmjerenog na govornika, ti se obilježivači tumače kao sredstvo procjene neke vrijednosti u odnosu na subjektivnu granicu. Različiti semantički stupnjevi definirani su kao pojave u pojmovnoj domeni te se negacija tako smatra izričajem promjene, koja je rezultat nadilaženja uobičajenih granica do te mjere da je moguće i izlaženje iz domene. Tako overbook i overdo primjerice, impliciraju pretjerivanje, dakle “neimanje očekivane vrijednosti”. Navedeni obilježivači proučavaju se u kontekstu te su izdvojeni iz velikog korpusa govorenog i pisanog engleskoga.
U radu se analizira glagolski prefix o(b)- u hrvatskome jeziku iz
kognitivnolingvističke perspektive, s posebnim osvrtom na povezanost njegovih naizgled različitih značenja, te na proširenja njegovih ...prostornih značenja u neprostorne domene. Prototipno značenje glagola s prefiksom o(b)- uključuje ideju kružnoga kretanja u konkretnim prostornim domenama: trajektor (TR) se kružno kreće oko orijentira (LM). Ta se prostorna shema kružnoga kretanja može ilustrirati
glagolom kretanja optrčati. Analiza ima za cilj pokazati da središnje značenje prefiksa o(b)-, kretanje oko, ima poseban status u značenjskoj mreži jer na izravan ili neizravan način motivira sva ostala značenja. U radu pokazujemo da različita značenja prefiksa o(b)- ne predstavljaju nasumičan zbir nepovezanih značenja, već da čine koherentnu značenjsku mrežu. U njoj su pojedina podznačenja motivirana
metaforičkim i metonimijskim proširenjima te ilustriraju sustavne i djelomično predvidljive prijenose predodžbi o konkretnim prostornim odnosima u apstraktne domene.
U analizi se iz komparativne perspektive razmatra glagolski prefiks o(b)– u hrvatskome i
bugarskome jeziku. Teorijski je okvir kognitivna lingvistika. Prva je tema na koju se osvrćemo
značenjska ...mreža ovoga prefiksa u svjetlu polisemije. U tom sklopu posebno razmatramo sljedeća
pitanja: 1) kako odvojiti značenje prefiksa od značenja osnovnih glagola, 2) kako identificirati
središnje značenje i osnovna podznačenja i kako ih imenovati. Analiza se temelji na opsežnom
inventaru prefigiranih glagola prikupljenom u rječnicima i korpusima. U radu s korpusima bilo je
nekih izazova, pa se analiza stoga (uz spomenutu problematiku povezanu s razradom semantičke
mreže) osvrće i na pitanje kako doći do kvantitativno relevantnih rezultata na temelju korpusa
koji su ili ograničena opsega ili imaju druge vrste ograničenja.
U prvome dijelu rada raspravlja se o dvama postojećim modelima poučavanja značenja glagolskih prefiksa i prefigiranih glagola u nastavi hrvatskoga kao inoga jezika (HIJ) – o glagolocentričnom ...poučavanju po modelu glagoli u kontekstu te o prefiksocentričnom poučavanju po modelu prefiks po prefiks. Uz dobre strane postojećih modela uočavaju se, međutim, i njihovi nedostatci te se utvrđuje potreba za razvojem novoga modela poučavanja. U radu se predlaže model poučavanja teorijski utemeljen na opisima prefiksalnih značenja i procesa glagolske prefiksacije nastalima u okviru kognitivne lingvistike. Pretpostavlja se da će taj novoosmišljeni kognitivnolingvistički model zbog svoje konkretnosti, jednostavnosti, logičnosti, zornosti i primjenjivosti biti superioran prethodnim dvama modelima.language as a social category and analyzes its use in actual communication.
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