Nature-based solutions applied to the building skin, such as green roofs and vertical greenery systems, are standing out as the most promising by contributing with thermal improvements at building ...scale. From previous research done by GREiA research group at the University of Lleida (Spain), energy savings up to 58% were obtained by implementing vertical greenery systems on external building walls for cooling purposes. However, since there exist other passive and active energy saving technologies in the literature review that were limited their cooling and heating capacity after implementing internal heat loads, new experimental tests for two different vertical greenery systems simulating the heat loads in both, summer and winter were conducted in this research. Additionally, these experiments also improve the scarce and controversial literature for winter conditions. The results demonstrated that considering internal loads in experimental investigations is crucial for the results of the effectiveness of the green walls and green facades. The energy savings of VGS were reduced between 22.5% and 26.7% because of the internal loads for cooling purposes, and increased about 3.6% and 3.1% for heating.
•Seasonal energy analysis of two vertical greenery systems implemented in buildings.•Experimental study of VGS considering internal heat loads generated by occupancy.•The thermal performance of VGS decreased due to internal heat loads.•During cooling periods there is still large energy saving potential by VGS.•VGS provide high thermal stability in summer but also in winter periods.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Use of greenery noise barriers in urban planning improves aesthetic and perception aspects.•A new modular-based greenery wall has been acoustically characterized.•Vertical greenery systems show a ...significant noise attenuation on the urban road.•Barrier with vertical greenery is better than traditional reflecting barriers.•The proposed greenery system shows an improvement with a pair of parallel barriers.
Green noise barriers have become an alternative means of reducing urban traffic noise. In this paper, the acoustic performance of a modular greenery noise barrier is evaluated. In situ measurements of noise reflection were performed using an experimental prototype to estimate the sound absorption coefficients. These coefficients were found to have values of approximately 0.7, higher than those previously found in laboratory measurements for a similar system with a lower vegetation density. The obtained values were input into software for predicting environmental noise to analyse the expected performance of such barriers, particularly in the case of a pair of parallel barriers. A comparison with the results for reflective barriers indicates a significant improvement in sound attenuation of up to 4dBA. The values are similar and even superior to results reported by other authors regarding the effectiveness of absorptive treatments applied to parallel barriers, and furthermore, the proposed barriers offer an aesthetic element for environmental integration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
GNSS/INS applications are being developed, especially for direct georeferencing in airborne photogrammetry. Achieving accurately georeferenced products from the integration of GNSS and INS requires ...removing systematic errors in the mobile mapping systems. The INS sensor's uncertainty is decreasing; therefore, the influence of the deflection of verticals (DOV, the angle between the plumb line and normal to the ellipsoid) should be considered in the direct georeferencing. Otherwise, an error is imposed for calculating the exterior orientation parameters of the aerial images and aerial laser scanning. This study determines the DOV using the EGM2008 model and gravity data in Sweden. The impact of the DOVs on horizontal and vertical coordinates, considering different flight altitudes and camera field of view, is assessed. The results confirm that the calculated DOV components using the EGM2008 model are sufficiently accurate for aerial mapping system purposes except for mountainous areas because the topographic signal is not modelled correctly.
Résumé
Les applications GNSS/INS se développent, notamment pour le géoréférencement direct en photogrammétrie aéroportée. Pour obtenir des produits géoréférencés avec précision grâce à l'intégration du GNSS et de l'INS, il faut éliminer les erreurs systématiques des systèmes de cartographie mobile. L'incertitude du capteur INS est de plus en plus faible; par conséquent, l'influence de la déviation de la verticale (DOV, l'angle entre le fil à plomb et la normale à l'ellipsoïde) doit être prise en compte dans le géoréférencement direct. Autrement, une erreur est commise dans le calcul des paramètres d'orientation externe des images aériennes et du balayage laser aérien. Cette étude détermine les DOV en utilisant le modèle EGM2008 et les données gravimétriques en Suède. L'impact des DOV sur les coordonnées horizontales et verticales est évalué en considérant différentes altitudes de vol et différents champs de vision de la caméra. Les résultats confirment que les composantes DOV calculées à l'aide du modèle EGM2008 sont suffisamment précises pour les systèmes de cartographie aérienne, sauf pour les zones montagneuses où le signal topographique n'est pas modélisé correctement.
Zusammenfassung
GNSS/INS‐Anwendungen entwickeln sich, insbesondere für die direkte Georeferenzierung in der luftgestützten Photogrammetrie. Um präzise georeferenzierte Produkte aus der Integration von GNSS und INS zu erhalten, müssen systematische Fehler in den mobilen Kartierungssystemen beseitigt werden. Die Unsicherheit des INS‐Sensors nimmt ab; Daher sollte der Einfluss der Abweichung von Vertikalen (DOV, der Winkel zwischen der Lotlinie und der Normalen zum Ellipsoid) bei der direkten Georeferenzierung berücksichtigt werden. Andernfalls wird ein Fehler für die Berechnung der äußeren Orientierungsparameter der Luftbilder und der Luftlaserabtastung auferlegt. Diese Studie bestimmt die DOV unter Verwendung des EGM2008‐Modells und Schwerkraftdaten in Schweden. Der Einfluss der DOVs auf horizontale und vertikale Koordinaten unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Flughöhen und Kamerasichtfelder wird bewertet. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass die berechneten DOV‐Komponenten unter Verwendung des EGM2008‐Modells ausreichend genau für Luftkartierungssysteme sind, mit Ausnahme der Berggebiete, da das topografische Signal nicht korrekt modelliert wird.
Resumen
Se desarrollan aplicaciones GNSS/INS, especialmente para georreferenciación directa en fotogrametría aérea. Lograr productos georreferenciados con precisión a partir de la integración de GNSS e INS requiere eliminar errores sistemáticos en los sistemas de cartografía móvil. Al reducirse la incertidumbre del sensor INS, la influencia de la deflexión de la vertical (DOV, el ángulo entre la plomada y la normal al elipsoide) requiere ser considerada en la georreferenciación directa. De lo contrario, los parámetros de orientación exterior de las imágenes aéreas y/o el escaneo láser aéreo tendrán un error sistemático debido a la DOV. Este estudio determina el DOV usando el modelo EGM2008 y datos de gravedad en Suecia. Se evalúa el impacto de la DOV en las coordenadas horizontales y verticales, considerando diferentes altitudes de vuelo y campo de visión de la cámara. Los resultados confirman que los componentes del DOV calculados con el modelo EGM2008 son lo suficientemente precisos para los sistemas de cartografía aérea, excepto en zonas montañosas porque la componente topográfica no se modela correctamente.
摘要
GNSS/INS的应用正在发展中，特别是用于机载摄影测量的直接地理参考。要从GNSS和INS的整合中实现精确的地理参考产品，需要消除移动测绘系统中的系统误差。由于INS传感器的不确定性在下降，因此，在直接地理参考中应考虑垂直方向的偏差（DOV，铅垂线与椭圆体法线之间的角度）的影响。否则，在计算航空影像和航空激光扫描的外部方位参数时就会出现误差。本研究使用EGM2008模型和瑞典的重力数据来确定DOV。考虑到不同的飞行高度和相机视场，评估了DOV对水平和垂直坐标的影响。结果证实，使用EGM2008模型计算的DOV分量对于航测目的是足够准确的，但山区除外，因为地形信号没有被正确建模。
This paper aims to study and quantify the induced error due to the deflection of verticals (DOV) when integrating different sensors, focusing on GNSS and INS for 3D mapping in airborne mapping.
It is shown that the DOV effect should be considered for direct georeferencing because the DOV components are in the order of (or larger than) INS uncertainty.
The results also show that other parameters affect the horizontal and vertical coordinates like camera field of view, flight direction and flight altitude.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The increasing number of heterogeneous devices connected to the Internet, together with tight 5G requirements have generated new challenges for designing network infrastructures. Industrial verticals ...such as automotive, smart city and eHealthcare (among others) need secure, low latency and reliable communications. To meet these stringent requirements, computing resources have to be moved closer to the user, from the core to the edge of the network. In this context, ETSI standardized Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC). However, due to the cost of resources, MEC provisioning has to be carefully designed and evaluated. This survey firstly overviews standards, with particular emphasis on 5G and virtualization of network functions, then it addresses flexibility of MEC smart resource deployment and its migration capabilities. This survey explores how the MEC is used and how it will enable industrial verticals.
One of the key targets of the upcoming 5G system is to build a mobile network architecture that supports not only classical mobile broadband applications (i.e., Internet and IMS), but also vertical ...industry services, such as those of automotive systems, e-health, public safety, and smart grid. Vertical industry is known to have specific needs that cannot be sustained by the current cellular networks. More notably, automotive systems require strict quality of service in terms of ultrashort latency for vehicle-to-infrastructure/network (V2I/N) communications. In this paper, we introduce the Follow Me edge-Cloud (FMeC) concept, leveraging the mobile edge computing (MEC) architecture to sustain requirements of the 5G automotive systems. Assuming that automotive services are deployed on MEC entities, FMeC ensures low-latency access to these services by guaranteeing that vehicles (i.e., as well as user equipment on board vehicles) always connect to nearest automotive service. Besides the FMeC architecture, our contribution in this paper consists in presenting a projection of the FMeC solution on an automated driving use case that integrates automotive and Telco infrastructures, to realize the vision of future 5G automotive systems. We introduce the envisioned software defined networking/OpenFlow-based architecture and our mobility-aware framework based on a set of building blocks that permit achieving the automated driving requirements within 5G network. The evaluation results, obtained conjointly through theoretical analysis and computer simulation, show that our proposed solution outperforms baseline approaches in meeting the automated driving latency requirement and minimizing the incurred global cost.
The evolution of the previous mobile communication generations has led to innovative goals of the Internet of Everything (IoE) in the 5G. However, addressing all IoE-associated problems in 5G is ...difficult and a long-term process. As the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the 5G services are highly diverse, it is an intimidating task to develop a single platform enabling all KPIs. The vision of next-generation 6G wireless communications lies not only in enhancing these targets but also in providing new services. Numerous extensively envisaged future services, including life-critical services and wireless brain–computer interactions, will be critically dependent on an instant, virtually unlimited wireless connectivity. In this direction, the 6G is envisioned to have primely five service objectives; further-enhanced mobile broadband (FeMBB), ultra-massive machine type communication (umMTC), extremely reliable low latency communication (ERLLC), long-distance and high-mobility communications (LDHMC), and extremely low-power communications (ELPC). The 3D global integration of the wireless communication networks is lacking in the 5G, which is targeted by the future 6G. In this paper, we present an exhaustive review of the 6G wireless communication network. We explore the various existing mobile communication generations concerning data rate, frequency band, bandwidth allotted, latency, and applications. We also highlight various current trends and issues in the 5G communication network, which drives research for the 6G communication network. Our focus is to provide a comprehensive survey on the future 6G. So, we explored the objectives and design principles for 6G. This paper highlights the key 6G technology drivers. This paper also proposes an architectural design for 6G. Moreover, we carry out a case-study of 6G architecture operational design and compare the result with previous generation architecture designs. Further, 6G envisioned open research challenges, research directions, and recent advancements are also highlighted in this paper. Furthermore, we discuss possible use-cases in terms of real-time interactions of the biological, physical, and digital world, and also how these use-cases are going to serve in 6G.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Media use cases for emergency services require mission-critical levels of reliability for the delivery of media-rich services, such as video streaming. With the upcoming deployment of the fifth ...generation (5G) networks, a wide variety of applications and services with heterogeneous performance requirements are expected to be supported, and any migration of mission-critical services to 5G networks presents significant challenges in the quality of service (QoS), for emergency service operators. This paper presents a novel SliceNet framework, based on advanced and customizable network slicing to address some of the highlighted challenges in migrating eHealth telemedicine services to 5G networks. An overview of the framework outlines the technical approaches in beyond the state-of-the-art network slicing. Subsequently, this paper emphasizes the design and prototyping of a media-centric eHealth use case, focusing on a set of innovative enablers toward achieving end-to-end QoS-aware network slicing capabilities, required by this demanding use case. Experimental results empirically validate the prototyped enablers and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework in such media-rich use cases.
As urban governments adopt smart city strategies for delivering services, the need to understand how - and in whose interests - these strategies are formed is imperative. The selection of smart city ...verticals (or areas of focus for smart city programs) within processes of urban governance has implications for which aspects of the urban agenda become prioritized. Through a study of seven UK smart cities, the paper investigates the framing of city problems, selection of smart verticals, and decision-making logics. The findings highlight that the selection of smart city verticals within the case study cities is rooted in four key considerations: challenges in service delivery, pragmatism, entrepreneurialism, and broader national and global events and policy agendas. These considerations transcend different spatial scales and governance arrangements, raising questions around democratic accountability and transparency. The study concludes that caution is warranted when framing smart cities as a solution to city problems.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper presents an economical assessment of the benefits of introducing 5G technologies into pilot use cases pertaining to the railroad transportation and energy sectors. For each of the pilots, ...undergone by EFACEC Engenharia e Sistemas and EFACEC Energia, respectively, under the scope of the H2020 5Growth project, the expenditure and benefits expected from introducing 5G capabilities over their on-going operations are evaluated regarding the Portugal case, and are also scaled to assess the European-wide case. The main objective of the study summarized in this paper is to understand if solutions proposed by the H2020 5Growth project, and 5G as a whole, are also advantageous from an economic point of view. The results of the techno-economic analysis reported in this paper show, on a European scale, millions of euros saved by the different stakeholders involved in the deployment of 5G solutions.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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