In the contemporary debate between advocates of nursing ethics and those who consider that nursing ethics is indistinguishable from medical ethics, virtue ethics allows us to identify elements that ...could be characterized as specific to nursing ethics. The aim of this study is to show that the specific ethical purpose of the nurse's relationship with the patient is the empowerment and strengthening of the patient's virtues. Nursing ethics draws its specificity not from the therapeutic or care relationship that the nurse - like other healthcare personnel - establishes with the patient, but from the helping relationship that the nurse maintains with the patient. This helping relationship involves professional virtues specific to nursing that are in correlation with the patient's virtues. Such a relationship is characterized by its discursiveness, with the aim of supporting and advising the patient, and includes an important pedagogical dimension.
Why Philosophers Aren't Better People James Dwyer
Canadian journal of bioethics = revue canadienne de bioéthique,
06/2024, Volume:
7, Issue:
2-3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
I begin with an autobiographical account that explains the question: why philosophers are not better people. Philosophy, as it is practiced in most university departments, doesn’t concern itself with ...how we inhabit and perceive the world. It doesn’t really concern itself with practices that aim to form the kind of people we become. After I discuss why the question still resonates today, I consider one answer, based on some work by John Dewey. His work emphasizes the importance of habits. Since habits are formed in social environments, the discussion of habits leads me to consider the practice of politics: the idea that we could collectively shape social environments in which habits are formed. Although I do not deny that the practice of politics can be burdensome and dangerous, I try to show why this practice is inevitable.
Researchers have increasingly called for the examination of both mental health symptoms and well-being when providing and evaluating psychotherapy, and although symptoms and well-being are typically ...inversely related, these appear to be distinct constructs that may require distinct intervention strategies. Positive psychology interventions, virtue-based treatments, and psychotherapies explicitly focused on promoting well-being have emerged in response to, or perhaps in concert with, the calls for attention to symptoms and well-being. Our review of the relevant and vast research pockets revealed that these treatments demonstrated relative efficacy in promoting well-being, whereas evidence for relative efficacy when reducing symptoms was largely inconclusive, particularly in psychotherapy contexts. We organized our review around the virtue-ethics notion that growth in virtuousness fosters flourishing, with flourishing consisting of more than the absence of symptoms, and specifically, that flourishing also involves increased well-being. The lack of evidence for relative efficacy among active alternative treatment conditions in promoting flourishing may suggest equal effectiveness, and yet, this also suggests that there are yet-to-be-identified moderators and mechanisms of change and/or insufficient use of research designs and/or statistical procedures that could more clearly test this major tenet of the virtue-ethics tradition. Nevertheless, we know that evidence-based problem-focused psychotherapies are effective at reducing symptoms, and our review showed that positive psychology interventions, virtue-based treatments, and psychotherapies explicitly focused on well-being promote well-being and/or virtue development. We encourage researchers and psychotherapists to continue to integrate symptom reduction and well-being promotion into psychotherapy approaches aimed at fostering client flourishing.
Clinical Impact Statement
Question: How does psychotherapy promote client flourishing? Findings: We suggest that psychotherapy inherently, and most often, implicitly, conveys a vision of the good life, that is, psychotherapy cannot avoid communicating to clients what it means to flourish. Flourishing is more than symptom reduction and consists of improved well-being. Positive psychology interventions, virtue-based treatments, and psychotherapies explicitly focused on promoting well-being have emerged in response to, or perhaps in concert with, calls for greater attention to symptom reduction and well-being promotion in psychotherapy. Our review revealed that these treatments demonstrated relative efficacy in promoting well-being, whereas evidence for their efficacy at reducing symptoms was largely inconclusive. Meaning: Our conclusion is that promoting flourishing in psychotherapy likely requires a dual focus that uses distinct interventions to target symptoms and well-being. Next Steps: The lack of evidence for relative efficacy in promoting flourishing suggests that there are yet-to-be-identified moderators and mechanisms of change and/or insufficient use of research designs and statistical procedures that could more clearly test the major tenet of the virtue-ethics tradition that virtues are constitutive of client flourishing. The latter also highlights the need for effectiveness studies involving diverse clients receiving routine care in outpatient community-based clinics, that is, practice-based designs, with much greater attention to therapist effects.
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The belief in good values that live in the community have an influence on the individual’s behavior. Virtue is one of them. Virtues found to have links with the individual’s character and ...personality. By using the approach of constructive realism indigenous psychology, this study aims to explore the virtues in the context of Melayu culture. Data collection techniques in this study were open ended questions and multiple responses. Data were analyzed with qualitative and quantitative methods using NVivo. It was found that kindness and loyalty are the core virtues that are considered important in everyday life. In the relationship context, the behaviors target of these values is higher in the community than personal. Virtues was found to be differ according to the demands of the situation. These virtues shifted in problem solving situations, where kindness and empathy are expected to appear less than serenity and resourceful. It is clear that the virtues which embraced by the individual does not always manifest if the situation is not supportive for the emergence of these virtues.
Deception is common in nature and humans are no exception. Modern societies have created institutions to control cheating, but many situations remain where only intrinsic honesty keeps people from ...cheating and violating rules. Psychological, sociological and economic theories suggest causal pathways to explain how the prevalence of rule violations in people's social environment, such as corruption, tax evasion or political fraud, can compromise individual intrinsic honesty. Here we present cross-societal experiments from 23 countries around the world that demonstrate a robust link between the prevalence of rule violations and intrinsic honesty. We developed an index of the 'prevalence of rule violations' (PRV) based on country-level data from the year 2003 of corruption, tax evasion and fraudulent politics. We measured intrinsic honesty in an anonymous die-rolling experiment. We conducted the experiments with 2,568 young participants (students) who, due to their young age in 2003, could not have influenced PRV in 2003. We find individual intrinsic honesty is stronger in the subject pools of low PRV countries than those of high PRV countries. The details of lying patterns support psychological theories of honesty. The results are consistent with theories of the cultural co-evolution of institutions and values, and show that weak institutions and cultural legacies that generate rule violations not only have direct adverse economic consequences, but might also impair individual intrinsic honesty that is crucial for the smooth functioning of society.
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Character education and virtues Andrea Porcarelli
Revista de educación religiosa,
05/2024, Volume:
3, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The subject of character education has aroused increasing interest over the past decades, during which several specialised research centres have taken shape. As part of the awakening of interest in ...practical philosophy, extensive research on the ethics of virtues has been developed. There are some research centres, especially in the UK, which have linked character education and the development of virtues. A pedagogical framework that would be interesting to explore more deeply can be identified within the personalist approach, above all through the contribution of Thomas Aquinas. This paper develops the idea that Aquinas’s moral doctrine on virtues can be the ideal theoretical foundation for the education of character in the personalist sense.
The commentary introduces autoepistemology as a first-person reflection on one's own epistemic framework, using the example of assessing and commenting on other authors' works. The problem of ...evaluation is exacerbated when dealing with analyses from radically different intellectual and cultural contexts. It is suggested that reviews and commentaries are operating within social and academic traditions and horizons that influence first-person knowledge and expertise. Discussing the two special issue articles, it is argued that power differentials cannot be overcome by focusing on equity, diversity, and inclusion but by making changes to the sociohistorical realities that constitute an assumed supremacy. Epistemic modesty, reflexivity, and a beginner's mind are recommended when a scholar from the North discusses articles from the South.
Public Significance Statement
The concept and practice of autoepistemology should aid academics and the public to exercise reflexivity when discussing and evaluating works and ideas from outside their own intellectual and cultural traditions.
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50.
Reclaiming Virtue Ethics for Economics Bruni, Luigino; Sugden, Robert
The Journal of economic perspectives,
10/2013, Volume:
27, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Virtue ethics is an important strand of moral philosophy, and a significant body of philosophical work in virtue ethics is associated with a radical critique of the market economy and of economics. ...Expressed crudely, the charge sheet is this: The market depends on instrumental rationality and extrinsic motivation; market interactions therefore fail to respect the internal value of human practices and the intrinsic motivations of human actors; by using market exchange as its central model, economics normalizes extrinsic motivation, not only in markets but also in social life more generally; therefore economics is complicit in an assault on virtue and on human flourishing. We will argue that this critique is flawed, both as a description of how markets actually work and as a representation of how classical and neoclassical economists have understood the market. We show how the market and economics can be defended against the critique from virtue ethics, and crucially, this defense is constructed using the language and logic of virtue ethics. Using the methods of virtue ethics and with reference to the writings of some major economists, we propose an understanding of the purpose (telos) of markets as cooperation for mutual benefit, and identify traits that thereby count as virtues for market participants. We conclude that the market need not be seen as a virtue-free zone. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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