The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, ...which was officially declared by the World Health Organization. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family Coronaviridae that consists of a group of enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genome, which cause diseases ranging from common colds to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although the major transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 are inhalation of aerosol/droplet and person-to-person contact, currently available evidence indicates that the viral RNA is present in wastewater, suggesting the need to better understand wastewater as potential sources of epidemiological data and human health risks. Here, we review the current knowledge related to the potential of wastewater surveillance to understand the epidemiology of COVID-19, methodologies for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, and information relevant for human health risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2. There has been growing evidence of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections and the presence of viral RNA not only in feces of infected individuals but also in wastewater. One of the major challenges in SARS-CoV-2 detection/quantification in wastewater samples is the lack of an optimized and standardized protocol. Currently available data are also limited for conducting a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for SARS-CoV-2 exposure pathways. However, modeling-based approaches have a potential role to play in reducing the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, QMRA parameters obtained from previous studies on relevant respiratory viruses help to inform risk assessments of SARS-CoV-2. Our understanding on the potential role of wastewater in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is largely limited by knowledge gaps in its occurrence, persistence, and removal in wastewater. There is an urgent need for further research to establish methodologies for wastewater surveillance and understand the implications of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.
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•Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater has been reported.•SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can be used to monitor COVID-19 in a community.•Effective concentration method is needed for recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater.•Surrogate coronavirus data help to predict survival of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.•Data on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater for risk assessment are limited.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Viral infections can cause serious diseases for humans and animals. Accurate and early detection of viruses is often crucial for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Aptamers are mostly single-stranded ...nucleotide sequences that are artificially synthesized by an
technology known as the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Similar to antibodies, aptamers bind specifically to their targets. However, compared with antibody, aptamers are easy to synthesize and modify and can bind to a broad range of targets. Thus, aptamers are promising for detecting viruses and treating viral infections. In this review, we briefly introduce aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) and describe their applications in rapid detection of viruses and as antiviral agents in treating infections. We summarize available data about the use of aptamers to detect and inhibit viruses. Furthermore, for the first time, we list aptamers specific to different viruses that have been screened out but have not yet been used for detecting viruses or treating viral infections. Finally, we analyze barriers and developing perspectives in the application of aptamer-based virus detection and therapeutics.
Over the last decade, virologists have discovered an unprecedented number of viruses using high throughput sequencing (HTS), which led to the advancement of our knowledge on the diversity of viruses ...in nature, particularly unraveling the virome of many agricultural crops. However, these new virus discoveries have often widened the gaps in our understanding of virus biology; the forefront of which is the actual role of a new virus in disease, if any. Yet, when used critically in etiological studies, HTS is a powerful tool to establish disease causality between the virus and its host. Conversely, with globalization, movement of plant material is increasingly more common and often a point of dispute between countries. HTS could potentially resolve these issues given its capacity to detect and discover. Although many pipelines are available for plant virus discovery, all share a common backbone. A description of the process of plant virus detection and discovery from HTS data are presented, providing a summary of the different pipelines available for scientists' utility in their research.
This paper presents an updated and comprehensive review on the different methods used for detection and quantification of viruses in wastewater treatment systems. The analysis of viability of viruses ...in wastewater and sludge is another thrust of this review.
Recent studies have mostly focused on determining the abundance and diversity of viruses in wastewater influents, in samples from primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages, and in final effluents. A few studies have also examined the occurrence and diversity of viruses in raw and digested sludge samples. Recent efforts to improve efficiency of virus detection and quantification methods in the complex wastewater and sludge matrices are highlighted in this review.
A summary and a detailed comparison of the pre-treatment methods that have been utilized for wastewater and sludge samples are also presented. The role of metagenomics or sequencing analysis in monitoring wastewater systems to predict disease outbreaks, to conduct public health surveillance, to assess the efficiency of existing treatment systems in virus removal, and to re-evaluate current regulations regarding pathogenic viruses in wastewater is discussed in this paper. Challenges and future perspectives in the detection of viruses, including emerging and newly emerged viruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in wastewater systems are discussed in this review.
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•An overview on virus occurrence, detection and viability in wastewater and sludge•Molecular methods are extensively used to detect viruses in wastewater.•Use of sequencing to monitor virus abundance and diversity in wastewater and sludge•Detection and quantification of viruses in wastewater to monitor disease outbreaks•Research need: studies on detection methods of emerging viruses such as SARS-CoV-2
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Highly sensitive electrochemical sensors for viral DNA enables early detection of disease.•Antibody testing allows the extent of disease and the immunity status of recovered ...individuals to be assessed.•Sample-to-answer devices open up testing in the community.•Integration of sensors, and wireless technologies enables autonomous, point-of-care applications.•Challenges remain in terms of selectivity, shelf-life, manufacturability and the use of sustainable materials.
Near patient detection of viral infection represents a powerful approach for the control of emerging threats to global health. Moreover, the ability to identify individuals who have contracted the disease and developed antibodies that confer immunity is central to a return to normal daily activities. This review presents some of the recent advances in electrochemical sensors for the detection of viruses and their associated antibody profiles. Given the speed, portability, sensitivity and selectivity achieved using electrochemical detection, these sensor systems hold the promise of transformative change in clinical practice.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and ...water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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•Recent progress on research regarding waterborne human enteric viruses is summarized.•Methods for concentrating and detecting viruses in water are described.•Existing data on abundance and genetic diversity of viruses in water are compiled.•The characteristics of three types of process controls are introduced.•The inclusion of process control(s) is recommended for better data interpretation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Accurate detection of viruses is of great significance in preventing further spreading of infections and developing appropriate clinical treatment. Herein, a fluorescence molecularly imprinted sensor ...based on a metal-organic framework with high selectivity and high sensitivity at concentrations down to the picomolar (pmol) level was developed to recognize Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). In this work, zinc acrylate was used as the functional monomer to form molecularly imprinted polymers on the surface of a silicon-modified metal organic frameworks via free radical polymerization. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was then used as a blocking agent to enhance the ability of polymers to specifically recognize the template virus. Under optimal experimental conditions, the polymers exhibit a wide range of detection, 50 pmol L−1 to 1400 pmol L−1, within 20 min, a low detection limit (13 pmol L−1), and good selectivity (IF = 4.3). These advantages enable this molecularly imprinted (MIP) sensor for important practical application value and significance in the detection and prevention of viruses.
The molecularly imprinted sensor based on metal organic frameworks and passivation exhibited highly specific recognition template virus from the analogues. Display omitted
•Porous metal organic frameworks with large specific surface area was used to provide more specific binding sites.•Metal chelation and passivation techniques improve the selectivity to template viruses.•A low detection limit of 13 pmol·L−1 and high imprinting factor of 4.3 were obtained for (JEV).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a new era in the world while we still figure out the consequences in different aspects of our daily life. The food supply chain and the food industry do not ...comprise an exception.
This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2. For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible, and tracing of SARS-CoV-2 in working environments is not considered as a priority by public authorities. However, the adverse effects on the environment, food systems, and people along the food supply chain are already evident.
As long as we move from farm to fork, more safety measures are needed since more people (and subsequently more potential sources of infection) are involved in the process. The need for developing respective bioanalytical protocols for food and environmental safety applications to adapt in the post-lockdown period is also highlighted.
•The food supply chain and the food industry are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.•Review of COVID-19 transmission through food supply chain, surfaces and environment.•Moving from farm to fork, more safety measures are needed.•The development of respective detection tools for SARS-CoV-2 is explored.•Need for analytical tools for food and environmental safety after the lockdown.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Molecular imprinting enables the fabrication of versatile functional polymers with pre-designed molecular target selectivity, inherent robustness, reusability, and reproducible production. Using ...advanced synthesis strategies, molecularly imprinted polymers even offer potential for virus recognition, which is of substantial interest as viral analysis and selective detection is a field of continuous development given increasing occurrence of viral variants and drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the most relevant virus imprinting strategies along with critical barriers for synthesizing virus-imprinted materials. Furthermore, selected applications are highlighted.
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•Molecular imprinting for virus recognition.•Improved viral analysis and selective detection.•Virus imprinting strategies and application highlights.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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